Machine Made: Tammany Hall and the Creation of Modern American Politics (58 page)

anti-Tweed campaign of, 93, 99–100

home rule opposed by, 168–69

Kelly attacked by, 109–10, 118

on Tammany’s anti-monopoly campaign, 134

universal suffrage opposed by, 123, 125

New York Tribune
, 38, 64, 73, 94, 96, 99, 106, 122, 146, 219

Grace attacked by, 128

New York World
, 136

New York Yankees, 213

Nineteenth Century
, 167

Nixon, Lewis, 185

Northern Ireland, 222

Oakley, John T., 192

O’Brien, Henry, 81

O’Brien, Jimmy, 55, 93, 100

O’Brien, John, 283, 284, 295

O’Connell, Daniel (Irish statesman), 39, 76, 121–22, 127, 152, 318
n

as abolitionist, 21

Catholic Emancipation campaign of, 9, 12–13, 14–19, 95

as demagogue, 10

as elected to Parliament, 17–18, 20

French Revolution and, 11

as hero of Irish-Americans, 9, 10–11

Hughes’s meeting with, 20–22

personality of, 10

as pragmatist, 21

public spectacle embraced by, 10

slavery decried by, 74

violence eschewed by, 11–12

O’Connell, Daniel (New York State politician), 242

O’Connellite Association of New York, 9

O’Connor, John, 253

O’Connor, T. P., 47

O’Conor, Charles, 107

O’Donnell, Francis, 187

O’Dwyer, William, 301

O’Gorman, James A., 243–44

O’Gorman, Richard, 47, 48, 89, 90

Olvany, George, 281

Olympics, Berlin (1936), 297

Opdyke, George, 81, 82

Orangemen,
see
Irish Protestants

Orange Order, 94–95

Order of the Star Spangled Banner,
see
Know Nothings

O’Reilly, Leonora, 49

O’Rourke, Matthew, 93

Osborne, Thomas Mott, 211

Outlook
, xx, 183, 212

Paine, Thomas, 8

Panic of 1873, 115–16

Papal Conspiracy Exposed and Protestantism Defended in the Light of Reason, History, and Scripture, The
(Beecher), 72

Parker, Alton B., 208

Parkhurst, Charles H., 166–67, 170, 171–72, 174

Parkman, Francis, 120

Parliament, 17–18, 20

Parnell, Charles Stewart, 141–42, 170

Passing of the Great Race, The
(Grant), 251

patronage jobs, xviii–xix, xxiv, 51, 56, 73–74, 110–11, 293

Pell, Herbert Claiborne, 294, 298

Pendergast, Thomas, 304

Penn, William, 5

Pennsylvania, 5, 116, 117

Pentz, Daniel, 28–29

Perkins, Frances, 195, 197–98, 203, 204–5, 220, 228, 230–31, 238, 241, 242, 244, 245, 246, 274, 275, 287, 302, 306

Peters, Andrew J., 264

Philadelphia, Pa., Catholic churches burned in, 36, 37

Phytophthora infestans
, 41

Pius XI, Pope, 199

Platt, Thomas C., 167, 176, 249

Plunkitt, George Washington, xx, 99, 111–12, 137, 154, 156, 165, 179, 189, 204, 217, 306, 319
n
–20
n

pluralism, 37, 229–30, 251, 252–53, 267, 270–71

politics:

public spectacle in, xx, 10, 11, 18, 20

self-interest in, xx, xxiv

poor, poverty:

moralistic attitudes toward, 57–58, 59

public aid to, 199

Tammany’s aid to, 250

Wood as champion of, 56–57, 58

populism, 207

Porges, Barbara, 190–91, 228

Porges, Max, 190–91

potatoes, Irish dependency on, 38

potato famine,
see
Great Famine

Potter, David, 73

Prendergast, James, 39–40

press:

anti-Catholic hysteria of, 128–29

suffrage fight and, 121–25

Tweed and, 92–93, 94, 99–100, 102

Program of Social Reconstruction, 238–39

Progress and Poverty
(George), 150

Progressive Era, 49, 156, 171, 196, 237, 246, 250, 252

moral and cultural crusades in, 187

Tammany in, 46

Progressive Party, 210, 219

Progressivism, 208, 245, 250, 297, 328
n

anti-immigrant biases of, 250–51

anti-Tammany campaigns of, 188

clean government as advocated by, 186

as enemy of political machines, 181

moralistic attitudes of, 205, 214

as rejection of laissez-faire economics, 46

Prohibition, xiv, xvi, 228, 251, 252, 258, 265, 272

property ownership, voting rights and, 6–7, 106–7, 119–25, 321
n

Proskauer, Joseph, 232, 238, 240, 256, 257, 277

Protestants:

in attempted conversion of Irish Catholics, 13–14, 34, 64, 76

Battle of the Boyne commemorated by, 79–80

reform movement dominated by, 45, 108

see also
Anglo-Protestants

public housing, 239

Public School Society, 22, 23, 24, 25–26, 29, 30, 31–32

Puck
, 110, 126

Quadragesimo Anno
(“After Forty Years”) (Pius XI), 199

Queens, 176

Quinn, John, 200

racial equality, 253

Raines, John, 174, 183

Rainsford, George, 180

Reconstruction Commission, 238, 239–40

Recovery Party, 295, 296

reform movement, 188

abolition of slavery as goal of, 14

in alliance with Tammany, 203

Anglo-Protestant domination of, 108, 161, 169, 237, 250

anti-Catholic bigotry of, 45

anti-immigrant attitudes of, 106–7, 119–21, 124

anti-Irish bigotry of, xx, xxi, xxii, xxiii, 13–14, 41

anti-Tammany position of, 112, 132, 155, 156–57, 160–61, 166–67, 169, 174–75, 213

anti-vice campaign of, 167, 171–72

big government as target of, 52, 53, 117, 137

direct-primary agenda of, 215

elitism of, 161, 245

home rule opposed by, 168

Hughes as suspicious of, 33

laissez-faire principles of, 53

limited suffrage proposed by, 106, 119–25

loss of interest in, 116–17

and mayoral election of 1897, 176–77

moralistic attitudes of, 65–66, 195, 196, 213

newly populist message of, 183–84

in 1901 election, 183–84

as out of touch with average voters, 189

political machines targeted by, 40, 45

Protestant domination of, 45, 108

radicalism feared by, 117

and revised New York City charter, 86

Smith’s gubernatorial campaign endorsed by, 228

Tammany’s alliance with, 238, 240

universal suffrage embraced by, 184

worthiness criteria of, 250

republicanism, 5–6, 7

Republican Party, 55, 71, 72, 85, 103, 108, 112, 114, 136, 155, 167, 183, 194

direct primaries opposed by, 216

in 1872 election, 113

in 1894 election, 172

and expansion of New York City, 176–77

Grant scandals and, 115

as hostile to Irish-Americans, 77

Know Nothings and, 77

nativism and, 74

in 1920 elections, 234–35

in race to greet Irish exiles, 88–89

social reform rejected by, 239

Rerum Novarum
(“On New Things”) (Leo XIII), 199, 200

Riis, Jacob, 162

Riordon, William L., 111–12

robber barons, 133, 135

Rockefeller, John D., 134, 196

Rockefeller Foundation, 226

Roman Catholic Diocese of New York, Hughes’s centralization of power in, 33

Romanism in Politics
(Hartwell), 125

Roosevelt, Eleanor, 173, 242, 253, 265, 303, 305

Roosevelt, Elliott, 173

Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 186, 195, 197, 199, 207, 210–11, 216, 240, 280

as anti-Tammany reformer, xvi, 188

background of, 236

in Emmet, Marvin and Roosevelt law firm, 3

Flynn’s relationship with, 268–69, 303

governorship of, 246

Murphy and, 233, 246–47, 249, 250

Murphy attacked by, 189

and 1911 senatorial election, 243–44

in 1914 election, 247

at 1917 July 4th Tammany celebration, 247–48, 250

in 1920, 249

in 1920 election, 234–35, 237

in 1928 gubernatorial election, 240, 265

at 1929 July 4th Tammany celebration, xv–xvi, xvii

in 1930 gubernatorial election, 268

in 1932 battle with Smith for presidential nomination, 241, 266, 270–78

in 1932 election, 283

and 1933 New York City mayoral election, 295

polio of, 242, 244

as president, 245

Progressivism of, 237

and Smith’s 1924 presidential bid, 233, 256, 257

Smith’s relationship with, 234–38, 241–42, 244–45, 248–49, 262–63, 305

as state senator, 242

Tammany and, 237–38, 241–50

in transformation from reformer to empathetic public advocate, 242, 245

Wagner and, 246

Roosevelt, Franklin Delano

workweek reform and, 242, 243, 244, 245, 327
n

Roosevelt, James, 257

Roosevelt, Theodore, 122, 134, 136, 169, 171, 189, 194, 206, 208, 210, 225, 236, 249, 251

anti-drinking crusade of, 173–74, 175

in 1886 mayoral campaign, 151, 152

governorship of, 180–81

as New York City police commissioner, 173–74, 175

as Progressive, 181

Root, Elihu, 128, 226, 227

Rosenman, Samuel, 274, 302

Rossa, Jeremiah O’Donovan, 47, 89, 90

in 1871 election, 102–3

Rovere, Richard H., 303

Ruppert, Jacob, 186, 213

Russell, John, 40

Russell, T. W., 168

Ruth, Babe, 256

Ryan, Monsignor John, 239

Ryan, Thomas Fortune, 200, 208, 209

Ryders, Isaiah, 8–9

St. George’s Episcopal Church, 180

St. James Parochial School, 142

saloons, 178, 185

anti-drink laws evaded by, 174

as Tammany power bases, 65, 153

Sampson, William, 4

Scally, Robert James, xxiv

Schell, Augustus, 124

Schurz, Carl, 157, 193

Seabury, Samuel, 229

at 1932 Democratic National Convention, 278–79

Tammany investigation of, 275, 278, 279–80, 284

Securities and Exchange Commission, 232

Senate, U.S., 271

Senior, Nassau, 42

Seventeenth Amendment, 243

Seward, William, 31, 51, 63, 83

and public school controversy, 22, 23–24, 25–26, 28

Seymour, Horatio, 67, 71, 84, 107

temperance bill vetoed by, 65–66

Sheehan, William “Blue-Eyed Billy,” 243

Sheil, Richard, 75

Sherwood, Robert Emmet, 3

Shields, Henri W., 254

Sickles, Daniel, 58

Sisters of Mercy, 158

Sixteenth Amendment, New York State ratification of, 195–96

Sixth Ward, Manhattan, 46, 58, 59

69th Regiment New York Volunteers, 48–49, 78

slavery, 71, 76, 318
n

Irish-Americans as blind to horrors of, 76–77

Irish subjugation as, 74–76

Slayton, Robert, 273

Smith, Adam, 56

Smith, Al, 47, 48, 142, 195, 198, 200, 214, 238, 246, 248, 249, 254, 266, 275, 281, 285, 290, 301

anti-Catholic bigotry against, 261–62, 265–66, 272–73, 281

in bid for 1924 presidential nomination, 233, 256–60

bitterness of, 278, 297, 299, 304

as Catholic, 227–29

as Central Park Zoo night watchman, 304–5

death of, 305

in election of 1928, xiv

FDR’s relationship with, 234–38, 241–42, 244–45, 248–49, 262–63, 305

Flynn’s relationship with, 270, 272, 277

government bureaucracy streamlined by, 261

governorship of, 232, 244, 260

as Murphy’s protégé, 201, 230, 255, 264

as New York Assembly majority leader, 201

in 1915 Constitutional Conventions, 225–26, 227

in 1918 gubernatorial election, 227–30, 248–49

in 1920 gubernatorial election, 234–35, 237, 240

in 1922 gubernatorial election, 231–32, 240

1924 presidential campaign of, 255, 271

at 1928 Democratic National Convention, 288

1928 presidential campaign of, 232–33, 263–66

at 1929 July 4th Tammany celebration, xiv, xv, xvi

in 1932 battle with FDR for presidential nomination, 241, 266, 270–78

and 1937 mayoral election, 297, 298

Progressive agenda of, 232, 237

public-works programs of, 260–61

Reconstruction Commission and, 238, 239–40

and Seabury investigation, 284

as social reformer, xvi–xvii

social services expanded by, 261, 271

social welfare legislation of, 297

as speaker of State Assembly, 211, 212

tax cuts of, 261

Tom Foley and, xviii–xix

in transformation of Democratic Party, 266

Smith, Dennis, 50

Smith, Goldwin, 167

Smith, Katie, 266, 305

social insurance, 239

Socialists, 155

social safety net, xviii, xix, 211

Social Security Act, 287, 288

Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (SPCC), 159–60

Society of St. Tammany of Columbian Order,
see
Tammany Hall (organization)

“Song of the Shirt, The,” 142

Spanish-American War, 181

Spencer, John, 28

public schools report of, 29, 30, 31

Stanton, Edwin, 83

Staten Island, 176

Stead, W. T., 203

Steffens, Lincoln, xx, 188, 191

Stein, Meyer Joseph, 164

Sterne, Simon, 121

Stimson, Henry, 240

stock market crash of 1929, 270, 275

Stone, William, 35, 36

strikes, 148, 151, 164

Strong, George Templeton, xxiii

Strong, William, as mayor, 172, 173, 177

Stuart, Henry Villiers, 15, 16

Subterranean
, 8

Sullivan, “Big Tim,” 157, 164, 174, 186, 187, 196, 197–98, 203, 242, 243, 244, 245–46, 250, 301, 302, 327
n

Sullivan, Christopher, 197, 198, 253

Sullivan, Florence, 187

Sullivan, “Little Tim,” 157