Machine Made: Tammany Hall and the Creation of Modern American Politics (50 page)

20. Ibid., p. 46; Barry,
The Scandal of Reform
, p. 34.

21. Sven Beckert, “Democracy and its Discontents: Contesting Suffrage Rights in Gilded Age New York,”
Past and Present
, vol. 174, no. 1 (2002), p. 137.

22. Ibid., p. 140.

23. The proposed amendment covered all cities in New York state. Those with twenty-five thousand residents or fewer were subjected to no new restrictions. Qualifications were lower in cities with populations of twenty-five thousand to a hundred thousand.

24. David Quigley,
Second Founding: New York City, Reconstruction, and the Making of American Democracy
(New York: Hill and Wang, 2004), p. 158; Barry,
The Scandal of Reform
, p. 35.

25.
Irish World
, April 21, 1877.

26.
Commercial and Financial Chronicle
, April 28, 1877.

27.
New York Post
, October 30, 1877.

28.
New York Tribune
, October 24, 1877. For more on Swallowtail disaffection with Kelly, see Seymour J. Mandelbaum,
Boss Tweed’s New York
(Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1990), pp. 172–74.

29.
New York Times
, July 15, 1877.

30.
New York Post
, November 5, 1877;
New York Times
, November 2, 1877.

31.
Irish-American
, November 3, 1877.

32.
New York Times
, October 30, 1877.

33.
Irish-American
, November 17, 1877.

34.
New York Times
, September 11, 1880.

35. Rev. Joseph Hartwell,
Romanism in Politics: What it Costs—Tammany Hall the Stronghold of Rome
(New York: Phillips & Hunt, 1887), pp. 1, 14.

36. Marquis James,
Merchant Adventurer: The Story of W. R. Grace
(Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, 1993), p. 12.

37.
New York Tribune
, October 26, 1880.

38.
New York Herald
, October 24, 1880;
New York Tribune
, October 27, 1880.

39.
New York Sun
, November 1, 1880.

40.
New York Sun
, November 1, 1880.

41. Louis Eisenstein and Elliot Rosenberg,
A Stripe of Tammany’s Tiger
(New York: Robert Speller & Sons, 1966), p. 15.

42.
New York Times
, November 3, 1880.

Seven:
C
HALLENGING THE
G
ILDED
A
GE

1. The Mick Moloney Collection of Irish-American Music and Popular Culture, Box 48, Archives of Irish America, Bobst Library, New York University. The song is undated, but a reference to General Grant (not quoted) would indicate that the song was written before Grant’s death in 1885.

2. John G. Sproat,
The Best Men: Liberal Reformers in the Gilded Age
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1968), p. 62.

3. George Henry Shibley,
Majority Rule in Combination with Representative Government in City, State and Nation
(Washington, DC: American Federation of Labor, 1902), p. 75.

4.
New York Times
, October 4, 1881.

5. Ibid.

6. James,
Merchant Adventurer
, p. 173.

7.
New York Times
, July 14, 1877.

8.
New York World
, April 15, 1883.

9. Arthur Mann,
Yankee Reformers in the Urban Age: Social Reform in Boston, 1880–1900
(New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1954), p. 105.

10. Quote from
Facts for the People: A Report of the Anti-Monopoly League of the State of New York
(New York, 1883), pp. 9, 38; Chauncey Mitchell Depew,
My Memories of Eighty Years
(New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1921), p. 124.

11.
Official Proceedings of the Democratic National Convention 1884
(New York: Douglas Taylor’s Democratic Printing House, 1884), pp. 126–28.

12. Ibid., pp. 134, 139.

13. Ibid., p. 176.

14. See the
Irish World and American Industrial Liberator
, February 5, 1881, for a description of its campaign in Ireland.

15. Eric Foner, “Class, Ethnicity and Radicalism in the Gilded Age: The Land League and Irish America,”
Marxist Perspectives
, vol. 2 (1978), p. 156;
New York Times
, January 27, 1886.

16. Foner, “Class, Ethnicity and Radicalism in the Gilded Age,” p. 156.

17. For more on the importance of the Central Labor Union and its connection to land reform in Ireland, see David Scobey, “Boycotting the Politics Factory: Labor Radicalism and the New York City Mayoral Election of 1884,”
Radical History Review
, 28–30, 1984. (The title incorrectly described the article’s focus, the mayoral race of 1886.)

18. Kenneth C. Wenzer, ed.,
Henry George, The Transatlantic Irish, and Their Times
(Bingley, UK: JAI Press, 2009), p. 523; Robert D. Cross,
The Emergence of Liberal Catholicism in America
(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1958), p. 118.

19.
New York Times
, June 6, 1886.

Eight:
T
O
H
ELL WITH
R
EFORM

1.
New York Tribune
, July 24, 1903.

2. Figures from Burrows and Wallace,
Gotham,
pp. 1110–12, and
Federation
, a quarterly publication of the Federation of Churches and Christian Organizations in New York City, June 1920.

3.
New York Times
, April 24, 1886.

4. Edward T. O’Donnell, “Though Not an Irishman: Henry George and the American Irish,”
American Journal of Economics and Sociology
, vol. 56, no. 4 (October 1997), p. 414.

5.
New York Times
, October 12, 1886.

6. Archbishop Corrigan to Rev. Edward McGlynn, October 26, 1886, Archbishop Michael Corrigan Papers, Box 10, Seton Hall University Special Collections.

7. Burrows and Wallace,
Gotham
, p. 1108.

8. Ibid., p. 1106.

9. Thomas Wyse Papers, MS 15,036, National Library of Ireland; also published as an appendix to Wyse’s previously cited
Historical Sketch of the Late Catholic Association of New York
, vol. 2, pp. 114–56.

10. Eisenstein and Rosenberg,
A Stripe of Tammany’s Tiger
, p. 15.

11.
New York Times
, August 1, 1893.

12. See John Ahearn’s obituary:
New York Times
, December 20, 1920.

13.
New York Times
, December 23, 1902.

14. Grady quote:
New York Times
, November 4, 1901. Schurz: ibid., May 7, 1897.

15.
Harper’s Weekly
, April 16, 1870.

16. Maureen Fitzgerald,
Habits of Compassion
:
Irish Catholic Nuns and the Origins of New York’s Welfare System, 1830–1920
(Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2006), p. 135.

17. Ibid., p. 121.

18.
New York Times
, July 12, 1894.

19. Membership rolls from the Kilroe Tammany Collection, New-York Historical Society;
Tammany Times
, July 4, 1903.

20.
Federation
, a quarterly publication of the Federation of Churches and Christian Organizations in New York City, June 1920.

21.
New York Times
, September 4, 1894.

22. Ibid., August 28, 1893.

23. Ibid., August 14, 1878.

24. See
New York Times
, September 24, 1900, for an account of a meeting of the CLU during which Tammany-affiliated union leaders addressed several topics.

25. Richard Croker to Hugh Grant, January 31, 1889, Hugh Grant Papers, New-York Historical Society;
New York Times
, February 7, 1889.

26. Biographical details of all Assembly members in 1893 can be found in
The Red Book: An Illustrated Legislative Manual of the State of New York
(Albany: James B. Lyon, 1892), New York State Library, Albany.

27.
New York Times
, August 7, 1893.

28. Ibid., August 15, 1893.

29. Ibid., August 7, 1893.

30.
Evening World
, February 15, 1892.

31. Goldwin Smith, “Why Send More Irish to America?”
The Nineteenth Century
, vol. 13, no. 76 (June 1883).

32. T. W. Russell, “American Sidelights on Home Rule,”
Fortnightly
(March 1893), p. 351; Sydney Brooke, “Tammany Hall,”
The Monthly Review
(November 1901), p. 102.

33.
New York Times
, March 29, 1875.

34. Ibid., February 19, 1886.

35. James Bryce,
The American Commonwealth
, abridged (Philadelphia: John D. Morris, 1906), p. 241.

36.
New York Times
, November 10, 1904.

37. Hartwell,
Romanism in Politics
, pp. 8, 22, 23.

38.
New York Times
, June 9, 1886.

39. Ibid., May 21, 1914;
The Academy,
December 18, 1909, p. 845.

40.
New York Times
, June 27, 1900.

41. William Bourke Cockran Papers, Box 7, New York Public Library.

42.
New York Times
, March 14, 1892; November 2 and 3, 1894.

43. Warren Sloat,
A Battle for the Soul of New York: Tammany Hall, Police Corruption, Vice, and the Reverend Charles Parkhurst’s Crusade Against Them
(New York: Cooper Square Press, 2002), pp. 360, 368.

44.
New York Times
, November 30, 1894; December 1, 1893.

45. Richard Zacks,
Island of Vice: Theodore Roosevelt’s Doomed Quest to Clean Up Sin-Loving New York
(New York: Doubleday, 2012), p. 71;
New York Times
, May 7, 1895.

46. Barry,
The Scandal of Reform
, p. 61.

47. Zacks,
Island of Vice
, p. 137.

48.
Report of the Special Commission of the Assembly Appointed to Investigate the Public Offices and Appointments of the City of New York
(Albany, NY: J. B. Lyon, 1900), vol. II, pp. 353–54. See also
New York Sun
, April 15, 1899.

49.
New York Times
, April 24, 1896.

50. Barry,
The Scandal of Reform
, p. 60.

51. Gerald Kurland,
Seth Low: The Reformer in an Urban and Industrial Age
(New York: Twayne Publishers, 1971), p. 106.

52.
New York Times
, October 14, 1897.

Nine:
A
N
A
DMIRABLE
O
RGANIZATION
?

1. Details on the life of young Charles Francis Murphy come from coverage of his death and funeral in late April 1924 in the
New York Times
, the
New York American
, the
New York Sun
, and the
New York Evening World
. See also Nancy Joan Weiss,
Charles Francis Murphy, 1858–1924: Respectability and Responsibility in Tammany Politics
(Northampton, MA: Smith College Press, 1968). Weiss’s short study of Murphy is a masterful attempt to go beyond stereotypes of Tammany bosses in general and of Murphy in particular. See also Harold Zink,
City Bosses in the United States
(Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1930). Murphy’s district was the 12th Assembly district in the early 1890s. It was later reconfigured into the 18th Assembly district.

2. Riordon,
Plunkitt of Tammany Hall
, p. 78.

3.
New York Times
, February 22, 1914.

4.
New York Evening World
, April 25, 1924.

5. Lothrop Stoddard,
Master of Manhattan:
The Life of Richard Croker
(New York: Longmans, Green, 1931), p. 203; Theodore Roosevelt,
An Autobiography
(New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1920), p. 272.

6. Coverage of Hall’s death was extensive. See
New York Tribune
, January 18 and 19, 1901;
New York World
, January 18, 1901; and
New York Times
, January 19 and 20, 1901.

7.
New York Times
, November 1, 1901;
The Outlook
, November 16, 1901.

8.
New York Times
, December 24, 1901.

9. Ibid., November 7, 1901.

10. Weiss,
Charles Francis Murphy
, pp. 28–29.

11.
New York Times
, October 4, 1902.

12. Edward J. Flynn,
You’re the Boss: The Practice of American Politics
(New York: Collier Books, 1962), p. 46.

13.
The Reminiscences of Arthur Krock
, Columbia Center for Oral History, p. 3.

14. Gene Fowler,
Beau James: The Life and Times of Jimmy Walker
(New York: The Viking Press, 1949), p. 85.

15. Steffens,
The Shame of the Cities
, p. 205.

16.
New York World
, February 14 and 15, 1914.

17. Jean Edward Smith,
FDR
(New York: Random House, 2007), p. 78.

18. Riordon,
Plunkitt of Tammany Hall
, p. 17.

19. The New York Reform Club papers, Annual Report of the Treasurer, 1912, New York Public Library.

20. Richard Welling Papers, Box 13, New York Public Library.

21.
New York Tribune
, May 26, 1918;
New York
Evening Telegram
, August 2, 1918.

22. Steffens,
The Shame of the Cities
, p. 205.

23. John M. Allswang makes this point in his book
Bosses, Machines, and Urban Voters
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), p. 75.

24. For more on Folks, see Dorothy M. Brown and Elizabeth McKeown,
The Poor Belong to Us: Catholic Charities and American Welfare
(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997).