Marcus Agrippa: Right-hand Man of Caesar Augustus (66 page)

217
. Dio 47.49.4.

218
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 4.132.

219
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 4.115.

220
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 4.116.

221
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.3; Dio 48.1.2.

222
. Dio 48.1.3.

223
. Dio 48.2.4; App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.1.

224
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.3: ‘They dismissed from the military service the soldiers who had served their full time, except 8,000 who had asked to remain. These they took back and divided between themselves and formed them in praetorian cohorts. There remained to them, including those who had come over from Brutus, eleven legions of infantry and 14,000 horse. Of these Antony took, for his foreign expedition, six legions and 10,000 horse. Octavius [Caesar] had five legions and 4,000 horse, but of these he gave two legions to Antony in exchange for others that Antony had left in Italy under the command of Calenus.’ App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.6: ‘Antonius spoke thus of providing a donative for twenty-eight legions of infantry, whereas I think that they had forty-three legions when they came to their agreement at Mutina and made these promises, but the war had probably reduced them to this number.’ Cf. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.22. For a survey of ‘Civil War’ Legions see Keppie (1984), Appendix 1 pp. 200–202.

225
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 4.85, 5.20, 5.31.

226
.
AE
1924, 55 records a veteran of
Legio
XXVIII settling there.

227
. Dio 48.5.1. Keppie (1984), p. 121, says these were
Legiones
VII, VIII (maybe now called
Macedonica
) and one of the units defecting to him from Antonius.

228
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.12; Dio 48.3.1.

229
. Dio 48.3.2.

230
. Cf. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 4.3.

231
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.12–13; Dio 48.6.3. Among those made homeless were the poets Horace, Propertius, Tibullus and Vergil. Caesar was able to later boast ‘I founded colonies of soldiers in Africa, Sicily, Macedonia, each Spain, Greece, Asia, Syria, Narbonian Gaul, and Pisidia, and furthermore had twenty-eight
coloniae
founded in Italy under my authority, which were very populous and crowded while I lived’ –
RG
28.

232
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.15–16; Suet.,
Div. Aug
. 14.

232
. Dio 48 Index.

234
. Dio 48.4.1, 48.5.4.

235
. Dio 47.5.3.

236
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.14; Dio 48.2, 48.1–2; cf. 5.20.

237
. Dio 48.5.4, 5.3.19.

238
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.14. The ancient historians blame Fulvia for the war: Vell. Pat. 2.74; Plut.,
Ant
. 30; Dio 47.4–10.

239
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.20.

240
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.18; Dio 48.7.4.

241
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.19.

242
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.23–24.

243
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.24.

244
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.26.

245
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.27.

246
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.29.

247
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.30. Dio 48.13.2 refers to Nursia (Norcia), not Alba.

248
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.30. In 295 BCE, during the Third Samnite War, the Romans had beaten a coalition of Samnites, Etruscans, Umbrians and their Gallic allies at Sentinum.

249
. Dio 48.13.3–4.

250
. Dio 48.13.4; App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.30.

251
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.31; Dio 48.13.4.

252
. Dio 48.13.6 reports ‘however, after burying those who had fallen in the battle they had had with Caesar, they inscribed on their tombs that they had died contending for their liberty, they were punished by an enormous fine, so that they abandoned their city and at the same time all their territory’.

253
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.31.

254
. The route of the Via Cassia is the modern SR143.

255
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.31.

256
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.31: ‘
καὶ τάδε μέν, ὡς προσεδόκησεν ὁ Ἀγρίππας, ἐγίγνετο ἅπαντα
.’

257
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.31. Reinhold argues that the two proconsuls would not have left Gaul (1933), p. 18 n. 40.

258
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.31: ‘
ἐνοχλούντων αὐτὸν ἑκατέρωθεν Σαλουιδιηνοῦ τε καὶ Ἀγρίππου καὶ φυλασσόντων, ὅτε μάλιστα περιλάβοιεν ἐν τοῖς στενοῖς
.’

259
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.31; Dio 5.14.1; Vell. Pat. 2.74.3.

260
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.32.

261
. Florus 2.26.

262
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.32; Dio 48.14.1.

263
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.49.

264
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.33.

265
.
Eph. Epig
. 6.52–78: e.g. no. 60. OCTAVI FELAS, probably made by Lucius’ troops; nos 63. CAESAR IMP and 68. RVFVS IMP, likely made by Caesar’s troops. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.36 refers to
μολυβδαίναις
, ‘leaden balls’, among the types of weaponry used.

266
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.33.

267
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.37 refers to use of
μηχάνημα
, ‘machines’.

268
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.34.

269
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.34.

270
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.35.

271
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.35: ‘
ἔνθα αὐτοὺς τῶν ἀμφὶ τὸν Ἀγρίππαν περικαθημένων πυρὰ πολλὰ ἤγειραν, σύμβολα τῷ Λευκίῳ. καὶ γνώμην ἐποιοῦντο Οὐεντίδιος μὲν καὶ Ἀσίνιος βαδίζειν καὶ ὣς μαχούμενοι, Πλάγκος δὲ ἔσεσθαι μέσους Καίσαρός τε καὶ Ἀγρίππου, χρῆναι δ᾽ ἔτι καραδοκεῖν τὰ γιγνόμενα: καὶ ἐκράτει λέγων ὁ Πλάγκος. οἱ δ᾽ ἐν τῇ Περυσίᾳ τὰ μὲν πυρὰ ἰδόντες ἥδοντο, τῶν δ᾽ ἀνδρῶν βραδυνόντων εἴκασαν καὶ τούσδε ἐνοχλεῖσθαι καὶ παυσαμένου τοῦ πυρὸς διεφθάρθαι
.’

272
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.35: ‘
καὶ τὰς ὑπολοίπους συλλογισάμενος τροφὰς ἀπεῖπε δίδοσθαι τοῖς θεράπουσι καὶ ἐφύλασσεν αὐτοὺς μηδ᾽ ἐκφυγεῖν, ἵνα μὴ γνωριμώτερον γένοιτο τοῖς πολεμίοις τὸ δεινόν. ἠλῶντο οὖν οἱ θεράποντες κατὰ πλῆθος καὶ κατέπιπτον ἔν τε αὐτῇ τῇ πόλει καὶ μέχρι τοῦ σφετέρου διατειχίσματος, πόαν εἴ τινα εὕροιεν ἢ φυλλάδα χλωράν, νεμόμενοι. καὶ τοὺς ἀποψύχοντας ὁ Λεύκιος ἐς τάφρους ἐπιμήκεις κατώρυσσεν, ἵνα μήτε καιομένων ἐπίδηλον τοῖς ἐχθροῖς γένοιτο, μήτε σηπομένων ἀτμὸς καὶ νόσος
.’

273
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.36; Dio 48.14.3.

274
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.37.

275
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.38.

276
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.46.

277
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.47.

278
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.48.

279
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.49.

280
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.50.

281
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.51.

282
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.66.

283
. Dio 48.20.2. For a discussion of the argument, pro and contra, see Reinhold (1933), p. 21 n. 2.

284
. Justinian,
Digest
1 tit. 2 s23.

285
. It became Caesar’s
modus operandi
to bend the rules to accommodate his adopted sons and stepsons.

286
. Dio 48.20.2.

287
. Livy 26.23.3.

288
. William M. Green, ‘Appropriations for the Games at Rome in 51 A.D.’
The American Journal of Philology
, Vol. 51, No. 3. (1930), pp. 249–250.

289
. Dio 48.20.2: ‘
καὶ τὴν ἱπποδρομίαν ἐπὶ δύο ἡμέρας ἐποίησε, τῇ τε Τροίᾳ καλουμένῃ διὰ τῶν εὐγενῶν παίδων ἐγαυρώθη
.’ For the
Ludus Troiae
, see Ver.,
Aen
. 5.545–576.

290
. Dio 48.20.2: ‘
καὶ ἄλλα τε πολλά, ἅτε καὶ πάνυ φίλος ὢν τῷ Καίσαρι
.’

291
. Dio 48.20.1.

292
. Dio 48.20.1; cf. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.18.

293
. Dio 48.20.2.

294
. Dio 48.20.2: ‘
ταῦτ᾽ οὖν αὐτοῦ πράττοντος ἐπεραιώθη τε ἐς τὴν Ἰταλίαν καὶ ἐνέμεινεν ἐν αὐτῇ λεηλατῶν, μέχρις οὗ ἐκεῖνος ἀφίκετο: τότε γὰρ φρουρὰν ἐν χωρίοις τισὶ καταλιπὼν ἀνέπλευσεν
.’

295
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.53.

296
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.55.

297
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.53; Dio 48.20.4.

298
. Dio 48.27.1–3; App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.55.

299
. Dio 48.27.5.

300
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.56, 5.58.

301
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.56.

302
. Dio 48.28.1.

303
. Dio 48.28.1; App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.56–57. Servilius Rullus was tribune in 63 BCE and had proposed far-reaching reforms of the agrarian laws.

304
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.57.

305
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.58; Dio 48.28.1.

306
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.55, 5.59; Dio 48.28.2. Plut.,
Ant
. 30.3.

307
. Livy,
Per
. 127.2; Dio 48.28.3. Plut.,
Ant
. 30.3.

308
. Livy,
Per
. 127.2; App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.64. Octavia’s husband Marcellus had recently died.

309
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.65. Reinhold (1933), p. 23 n. 22, cites the scholiasts Porphyrio, Acron and the commentator of Cruquius on Horace,
Sermones
1.5.27.

310
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.65; Dio 48.28.4. Cf. Plut.,
Ant
. 30.4.

311
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.63.

312
. Dio 48.29.1.

313
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.65.

314
. Dio 48.29.2.

315
. Plut.,
Ant
. 30.4: ‘… and arranged that, when they did not wish for the office themselves, the friends of each should have the consulship by turns.’

316
. Livy,
Per
. 127.3.

317
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.66.

318
. Dio 48.33.1–3.

319
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.66.

Chapter 3: Fighter on Land and Sea

1
. Rüpke (2008), p. 8. Suet.,
Div. Aug
. 31; Tac.,
Ann
. 6.12.

2
. William Smith,
A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities
(John Murray, London, 1875).

3
. Cic.,
de Div
. 1.43; Livy 22.57.

4
. The other members of the committee of 39 BCE were Caesar, L. Marcius Censorinus, Q. Aemilius Lepidus, Potitus Valerius Messalla, Cn. Pompeius, C. Licinius Calvus Stolo, C. Mucius Scaevola, C. Sosius, C. Norbanus Flaccus and M. Cocceius Nerva – Rüpke (2008), p. 132.

5
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.25.

6
. Plut.,
Ant
. 32.2.

7
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.72–733.

8
. Plut.,
Ant
. 32.2.

9
. Plut.,
Ant
. 32.3.

10
. Dio 48.49.2: ‘
καὶ τόν γε ἐνιαυτὸν τοῦτόν τε καὶ τὸν ὕστερον ἔς τε τὴν ναυπηγίαν τῶν νεῶν καὶ ἐς τὴν ἄθροισιν τήν τε ἄσκησιν τῶν ἐρετῶν κατανάλωσε, αὐτὸς μὲν ἐφορῶν καὶ διατάττων ταῦτά τε καὶ τὰ ἄλλα τά τε ἐν τῇ Ἰταλίᾳ καὶ τὰ ἐν τῇ Γαλατίᾳ ῾κίνησις γάρ τις παρ᾽ αὐτοῖς ἐγένετὀ, τῷ δ᾽ Ἀγρίππᾳ
.’

11
. Agrippa’s presence in Gaul is not explicitly stated in the surviving sources but it is highly likely based on the circumstances.

12
. Caes.,
Bell. Gall
. 1.1: ‘
Aquitania a Garumna flumine ad Pyrenaeos montes et eam partem Oceani quae est ad Hispaniam pertinet; spectat inter occasum solis et septentriones
.’

13
. Strab.,
Geog
. 4.2.1: ‘
῾εξῆς δὲ περὶ τῶν Ἀκυιτανῶν λεκτέον καὶ τῶν προσωρισμένων αὐτοῖς ἐθνῶν τετταρεσκαίδεκα Γαλατικῶν τῶν μεταξὺ τοῦ Γαρούνα κατοικούντων καὶ τοῦ Λίγηρος, ὧν ἔνια ἐπιλαμβάνει καὶ τῆς τοῦ Ῥοδανοῦ ποταμίας καὶ τῶν πεδίων τῶν κατὰ τὴν Ναρβωνῖτιν. ἁπλῶς γὰρ εἰπεῖν, οἱ Ἀκυιτανοὶ διαφέρουσι τοῦ Γαλατικοῦ φύλου κατά τε τὰς τῶν σωμάτων κατασκευὰς καὶ κατὰ τὴν γλῶτταν, ἐοίκασι δὲ μᾶλλον Ἴβηρσιν. ὁρίζονται δὲ τῷ Γαρούνᾳ ποταμῷ ἐντὸς τούτου καὶ τῆς Πυρήνης οἰκοῦντες. ἔστι δὲ ἔθνη τῶν Ἀκυιτανῶν πλείω μὲν τῶν εἴκοσι, μικρὰ δὲ καὶ ἄδοξα τὰ πολλά, τὰ μὲν παρωκεανιτικὰ τὰ δὲ εἰς τὴν μεσόγαιαν καὶ τὰ ἄκρα τῶν Κεμμένων ὀρῶν μέχρι Τεκτοσάγων ἀνέχοντα. ἐπειδὴ δὲ μικρὰ μερὶς ἦν ἡ τοσαύτη, προσέθεσαν καὶ τὴν μεταξὺ τοῦ Γαρούνα καὶ τοῦ Λίγηρος
.’

14
. Roads: Strab.,
Geog
. 3.4.18.