Marcus Agrippa: Right-hand Man of Caesar Augustus (69 page)

165
. App.,
Ill
. 26.

166
. App.,
Ill
. 26; Dio 49.38.4.

167
. App.,
Ill
. 27.

168
. Dio 49.38.4.

169
. App.,
Ill
. 29.

170
. App.,
Ill
. 28: ‘
οὕτω πᾶσαν ὁ Καῖσαρ τὴν Ἰλλυρίδα γῆν, ὅση τε ἀφειστήκει Ῥωμαίων, καὶ τὴν οὐ πρότερον ὑπακούσασαν αὐτοῖς, ἐκρατύνατο
.’

171
. Dio 54.32.1.

172
. Favro (1992).

173
. Z. Yavetz, ‘The Living Conditions of the Urban Plebs in Republican Rome’,
Latomus
17 (1958), pp. 500–517.

174
. Cic.,
Leg
. 3.3.7.

175
. Dio 49.42.2.

176
. Pliny,
Nat. Hist
. 36.121.

177
. Frontin., 1.9: ‘
paene dilapsos
’.

178
. Dio 49.42.2; Pliny,
Nat. Hist
. 31.41; Frontin., 1.9.

179
. Frontin., 1.9.

180
. Frontin., 104: ‘
Quod Q. Aelius Tubero Paulus Fabius Maximus cos. V.F. de numero publicorum salientium qui in urbe essent intraque aedificia urbi coniuncta, quos M. Agrippa fecisset, Q. F. P. D. E. R. I. C. neque augeri placere nec minui numerum publicorum salientium, quos nunc esse rettulerunt ei, quibus negotium a senatu est imperatum ut inspicerent aquas publicas inirentque numerum salientium publicorum. Itemque placere curatores aquarum, quos Caesar Augustus ex senatus auctoritate nominavit, dare operam uti salientes publici quam adsiduissime interdiu et noctu aquam in usum populi funderent
.’
The Acqua Felice dating from 1586, which still carries water, runs along stretches of the ancient
Aqua Marcia
.

181
. Frontin., 1.9–10; Pliny,
Nat. Hist
. 36.121.

182
. Frontin., 1.9: ‘
Post ***Agrippa aedilis post primum consulatum imperatore Caesare Augusto II L. Volcatio cos., anno post urbem conditam septingentesimo nono decimo ad miliarium ab urbe duodecimum Via Latina deverticulo euntibus ab Roma dextrorsus milium passuum duum alterius aquae proprias vires collegit et Tepulae rivum intercepit. Adquisitae aquae ab inventore nomen Iuliae datum est, ita tamen divisa erogatione, ut maneret Tepulae appellatio
.’

183
. Dio 48.32.3; Pliny,
Nat. Hist
. 36.121; Frontin., 1.9–10.

184
. Frontin., 1.9: ‘
Ductus Iuliae efficit longitudinem passuum quindecim milium quadringentorum viginti sex S.: opere supra terram passuum septem milium: ex eo in proximis urbem locis a septimo miliario substructione passuum quingentorum viginti octo, reliquo opere arcuato passuum sex milium quadringentorum septuaginta duum
.’

185
. Frontin., 1.9: ‘
Praeter caput Iuliae transfluit aqua quae vocatur Crabra. Hanc Agrippa omisit, seu quia improbaverat, sive quia Tusculanis possessoribus relinquendam credebat; ea namque est quam omnes villae tractus eius per vicem in dies modulosque certos dispensatam accipiunt
.’

186
. Frontin., 1.9: ‘
Sed non eadem moderatione aquarii nostri partem eius semper in supplementum Iuliae vindicaverunt, nec ut Iuliam augerent, quam hauriebant largiendo compendi sui gratia. Exclusi ergo Crabram et totam iussu imperatoris reddidi Tusculanis, qui nunc, forsitan non sine admratione, eam sumunt ignari cui causae insolitam abundantiam debeant. Iulia autem revocatis derivationibus, per quas surripiebatur, modum suum quamvis notabili siccitate servavit
.’

187
. Pliny,
Nat. Hist
. 36.24. Pliny the Elder often refers to the
Commentarii
of M. Agrippa, by which it is supposed he is referring to official lists drawn up by him recording measurements of the Roman world under Augustus, e.g.
Nat. Hist
. 3.30. On the evidence for bathing in the late Republic see Fagan (1993), pp. 98–142 (
http://hdl.handle.net/11375/6921
). Fagan translates the statement
et gratuita praebita balnea CLXX
as ‘and offered 170 free baths’, arguing that the reference does not explain how Agrippa administered the benefaction and that ‘they were not necessarily provided in 170 separate buildings’. Further he states ‘the phrase
gratuitum balneum
is a synonym for
gratuita lavatio
, or ‘free bathing’ a benefaction which might be restricted to a single building’ (pp. 102–103). I highly doubt this is what Pliny meant since the number 170 makes no sense in this interpretation.

188
. Cic.,
Fam
. 14.20.1:
labrum si in balneo non est, ut sit; item cetera quae sunt ad victum et ad valetudinem necessaria
; also
Fam
9.22.4.

189
. Dio 49.43.2.

190
. Pliny,
Nat. Hist
. 36.24.

191
. Dio 49.43.1: ‘
ἐς τὸν Τίβεριν δι᾽ αὐτῶν ὑπέπλευσε, τούς τε ὑπονόμους ἐξεκάθηρε
’; cf. Pliny,
Nat. Hist
. 36.24, where he states it is ‘a work more stupendous than any; as mountains had to be pierced for their construction … and navigation had to be carried on beneath Rome; an event which happened in the aedileship of M. Agrippa, after he had filled the office of consul.’

192
. Dio 49.43.1: ‘
τῷ δ᾽ ὑστέρῳ ἔτει ἀγορανόμος ὁ Ἀγρίππας ἑκὼν ἐγένετο, καὶ πάντα μὲν τὰ οἰκοδομήματα τὰ κοινὰ πάσας δὲ τὰς ὁδούς, μηδὲν ἐκ τοῦ δημοσίου λαβών, ἐπεσκεύασε, τούς τε ὑπονόμους ἐξεκάθηρε
…’.

193
. Livy,
AUC
1.56.

194
. Pliny,
Nat. Hist
., 36.24: ‘
emendatis lacus dcc fecit, praeterea salientes d, castella cxxx, complura et cultu magnifica, operibus iis signa ccc aerea aut marmorea inposuit, columnas e marmore cccc, eaque omnia annuo spatio
.’

195
. Dio 49.42.2.

196
. Frontin., 1.98: ‘
Primus M. Agrippa post aedilitatem, quam gessit consularis, operum suorum et munerum velut perpetuus curator fuit. Qui iam copia permittente discripsit, quid aquarum publicis operibus, quid lacibus, quid privatis daretur. Habuit et familiam propriam aquarum, quae tueretur ductus atque castella et lacus
.’

197
. Cic.,
Leg
. 3.3.7: ‘
aediles curatores urbis
.’

198
. Astrologers: Dio 49.43.5; olive oil: 49.43.2; barbers: 49.43.3.

199
.
CIL
VI.9972, 10026: excavations conducted periodically since 1904 have revealed the remains of the largest warehouse. Its identification is confirmed by the discovery of an altar still
in situ
bearing an inscription recording the erection of the statue of the
Genius Horreorum Agrippianorum
. The part so far uncovered by archaeologists comprises a convex quadrilateral-shaped courtyard surrounded by rectangular rooms constructed of
opus quadratum
and decorated with engaged Corinthian columns, dating to the Augustan period.

200
. Pliny,
Nat. Hist
. 36.24.

201
. Balsdon (1969), pp. 314–324; Paoli (1963), pp. 251–252.

202
. Dio 49.43.2: ‘
κἀν τῷ ἱπποδρόμῳ σφαλλομένους τοὺς ἀνθρώπους περὶ τὸν τῶν διαύλων ἀριθμὸν ὁρῶν τούς τε δελφῖνας καὶ τὰ ᾠοειδῆ δημιουργήματα κατεστήσατο, ὅπως δἰ αὐτῶν αἱ περίοδοι τῶν περιδρόμων ἀναδεικνύωνται
.’

203
. Agrippa’s games: Dio 49.43.3; Pliny,
Nat. Hist
. 36.121; Iulius Caesar’s games: according to Dio 43.24, in 46 BCE Caesar hosted elaborate games at the tomb of his daughter Iulia – who had died in childbirth eight years earlier – to celebrate victories in Gaul and Egypt. The entertainments included stage plays, gladiatorial combats and beast fights, including the first public display of a giraffe. The games were criticized for their extravagance and the numbers of victims slain, which allegedly included several of Caesar’s own soldiers who had protested that none of the money was distributed to them.

204
. Dio 49.43.4: ‘
ἵνα μηδεὶς μηδὲν αὐτοῖς ἀναλώσῃ. καὶ τέλος σύμβολά τέ τινα ἐς τὸ θέατρον κατὰ κορυφὴν ἔρριψε, τῷ μὲν ἀργύριον τῷ δὲ ἐσθῆτα τῷ δὲ ἄλλο τι φέροντα, καὶ ἄλλα πάμπολλα ὤνια ἐς τὸ μέσον
.’

205
. Dio 49.43.5.

206
. Horace,
Sermones
2.3.185–186: ‘
in cicere atque faba bona tu perdasque lupinis, | latus ut in circo spatiere et aeneus ut stes, | nudus agris, nudus nummis, insane, paternis; | scilicet ut plausus quos fert Agrippa feras tu, | astuta ingenuum volpes imitata leonem?
’

207
. An alternative date is 31 December 32 BCE. Fergus Millar, ‘Triumvirate and Principate’,
Journal of Roman Studies
, Vol. 63 (1973), p. 62, points out that the surviving evidence does not resolve unambiguously the question of when the powers of the Triumvirs expired, either in strict theory or in practice, citing Karl-Ernst Petzold, ‘Die Bedeutung des Jahres 32 für die Entstehung des Principats’,
Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte
18.3 (Jun., 1969), p. 334.

Chapter 4: Mastermind of Victory at Actium

1
. Nepos,
Atticus
20.1 and 20.4.

2
. Nepos,
Atticus
20.5: ‘
cum se uterque principem non solum urbis Romae, sed orbis terrarum esse cupere
.’

3
. Plut.,
Ant
. 61.1–2.

4
. See Braund (1984), pp. 75–90.

5
. Two good biographies of Herodes are the popular study by Perowne (1956) and, for a deeper, academic treatment, Richardson (1996).

6
. Joseph.,
Bell. Iud
. 1.14.3.

7
. Joseph.,
Bell. Iud
. 1.14.4. Richardson (1996), p.129 notes that Josephus records that Herodes intended to propose Aristobulus III, the 14/15 year old brother of Mariamme, as
ethnarch
and that Antonius expedited the decisions through the Senate.

8
. Joseph.,
Bell. Iud
. 1.15.1–18.4.

9
. Joseph.,
Bell. Iud
. 1.18.3.

10
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.140–144; Dio 49.18.4–5; Vell. Pat. 2.79.5; Strab. 3.2, p. 141; Orosius 6.19.2; Livy,
Per
. 131; Eutropius 7.6.1; Plut.,
Ant
. 87.2.

11
. Dio 49.18.4–5; App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.144. The right to a trial was the central argument in Cicero’s prosecution of Verres.

12
. Plut.,
Ant
. 75.1.

13
. Plut.,
Ant
. 37.3: Plut.,
Ant
. 56.1 mentions sixteen legions later stationed in Armenia; cf. Livy,
Per
. 130 mentions eighteen legions and 16,000 cavalry.

14
. Vell. Pat., 2.82.21. According to the Mehr News Agency the site was re-discovered during archaeological surveys near Zahak Castle in Hashtrud located in Iran’s northwestern province of East Azarbaijann in 2005.

15
. Vell. Pat. 2.82.2; Plut.,
Ant
. 38.2.

16
. Antonios.’ disastrous campaign is described in detail in Plut.,
Ant
. 38.1–49.4.

17
. Livy,
Per
. 130.1.

18
. Plut.,
Ant
. 50.1: in 49.4 he notes ‘they fell sick with dropsies and dysenteries’. Livy,
Per
. 130.2 cites 8,000 men lost.

19
. Plut.,
Ant
. 53.1.

20
. Plut.,
Ant
. 53.2; Dio 49.33.3–4.

21
. Plut.,
Ant
. 36.2: ‘
ἐλθούσῃ δὲ χαρίζεται καὶ προστίθησι μικρὸν οὐδὲν οὐδ᾽ ὀλίγον, ἀλλὰ Φοινίκην, κοίλην Συρίαν, Κύπρον, Κιλικίας πολλήν: ἔτι δὲ τῆς τε Ἰουδαίων τὴν τὸ βάλσαμον φέρουσαν καὶ τῆς Ναβαταίων Ἀραβίας ὅση πρὸς τὴν ἐκτὸς ἀποκλίνει θάλασσαν. αὗται μάλιστα Ῥωμαίους ἠνίασαν αἱ δωρεαί
.’

22
. Dio 49 Index, 49.39.1–2.

23
. Dio 49.39.3–4.24.

24
. Dio 49.39.5–6.

25
. Vell. Pat. 2.82.4; Dio 49.40.3–4.

26
. Dio 49.41.2–3; Plut.,
Ant
. 54.3.

27
. Plut.,
Ant
. 36.3: ‘
οὐ μὴν ἀλλ᾽ ἀγαθὸς ὢν ἐγκαλλωπίσασθαι τοῖς αἰσχροῖς ἔλεγε τῆς μὲν Ῥωμαίων ἡγεμονίας οὐ δἰ ὧν λαμβάνουσιν, ἀλλ᾽ ἐν οἷς χαρίζονται φαίνεσθαι τὸ μέγεθος: διαδοχαῖς δὲ καὶ τεκνώσεσι πολλῶν βασιλέων πλατύνεσθαι τὰς εὐγενείας
.’

28
. Plut.,
Ant
. 36.4: ‘
οὕτω γοῦν ὑφ᾽ Ἡρακλέους τεκνωθῆναι τὸν αὑτοῦ πρόγονον, οὐκ ἐν μιᾷ γαστρὶ θεμένου τὴν διαδοχὴν οὐδὲ νόμους Σολωνείους καὶ κυήσεως εὐθύνας δεδοικότος, ἀλλὰ τῇ φύσει πολλὰς γενῶν ἀρχὰς καὶ καταβολὰς ἀπολιπεῖν ἐφιέντος
.’

29
. Plut.,
Ant
. 54.3, 54.5–6.

30
. Plut.,
Ant
. 54.4.

31
. Plut.,
Ant
. 36.2.

32
. Plut.,
Ant
. 54.3: ‘
ἐμισήθη δὲ καὶ διὰ τὴν διανέμησιν ἣν ἐποιήσατο τοῖς τέκνοις ἐν Ἀλεξανδρείᾳ, τραγικὴν καὶ ὑπερήφανον καὶ μισορρώμαιον φανεῖσαν
.’

33
. Dio 49.41.5.

34
. Plut.,
Ant
. 55.1–2.

35
. Plut.,
Ant
. 55.2: ‘
πρὸς ταῦτα Καῖσαρ ἀπελογεῖτο Λέπιδον μὲν ὑβρίζοντα καταπαῦσαι τῆς ἀρχῆς, ἃ δὲ ἔσχηκε πολεμήσας, νεμήσεσθαι πρὸς Ἀντώνιον ὅταν κἀκεῖνος Ἀρμενίαν πρὸς αὐτόν: τοῖς δὲ στρατιώταις Ἰταλίας μὴ μετεῖναι: Μηδίαν γὰρ ἔχειν καὶ Παρθίαν αὐτούς, ἃς προσεκτήσαντο Ῥωμαίοις καλῶς ἀγωνισάμενοι μετὰ τοῦ αὐτοκράτορος
.’

36
. Dio 49.44.1.

37
. Dio 49.44.2.

38
. Dio 49.44.3–4.

39
. Plut.,
Ant
. 56.1.

40
. Plut.,
Ant
. 56.1: ‘
αὐτὸς δὲ Κλεοπάτραν ἀναλαβὼν εἰς Ἔφεσον ἧκε. καὶ τὸ ναυτικὸν ἐκεῖ συνῄει πανταχόθεν, ὀκτακόσιαι σὺν ὁλκάσι νῆες, ὧν Κλεοπάτρα παρεῖχε διακοσίας καὶ τάλαντα δισμύρια καὶ τροφὴν τῷ στρατῷ παντὶ πρὸς τὸν πόλεμον
.’