Marcus Agrippa: Right-hand Man of Caesar Augustus (72 page)

35
.
RG
8; Dio 52.42.5; Tac.,
Ann
. 11.25.3.

36
. For a full discussion see George Willis Botsford, ‘The
Lex Curiata
’ in
Political Science Quarterly
23.3 (Sep., 1908), pp. 498–517 and J.J. Nicholls, ‘The Content of the
Lex Curiata
’ in
The American Journal of Philology
88.3 (Jul., 1967), pp. 257–278.

37
. Dio 52.41.3.

38
. Augustus,
RG
4; Livy,
Per
. 113; Dio 51.21.5–9; Strab.,
Geog
. 12.3.6, 12.3.25; Vell. Pat. 2.89.1; Suet.,
Div. Aug
. 22, 41.1, Tib. 6; Florus 2.21.10; Servius,
ad Aen
. 8.714; Orosius 6.20.1.

39
. Dio 51.21.5–6.

40
. Suet.,
Tib
. 6.4. Beard (2007), p. 224.

41. Dio 51.21.7. There is no mention in the extant sources of Agrippa having been granted an ovation for the Illyrian or Actian War.

42
. Dio 51.21.7.

43
. Dio 51.21.8. After the triumph the children were taken into the care of Caesar’s sister, Octavia, and raised in her household – Plut.,
Ant
. 87.1.

44
. Dio 51.21.9.

45
. Dio 51.22.1.

46
. For a discussion of Augustus’ promotion of the Caesar cult as a precursor to a cult of his own after his death, see Peter White, ‘Julius Caesar in Augustan Rome’,
Phoenix
42.4 (Winter, 1988), pp. 334–356.

47
. Favro (1996), p. 99, notes that Augustus could speak in Rome’s political centre and be surrounded by buildings he himself had renovated after the events of Ides of March 44 BCE, in contrast to M. Antonius.

48
. Dio 53.2.3.

49
. Dio 51.21.3.

50
. Dio 51.21.5.

51
. Dio 51.21.4.

52
. Dio 53 Index.

53
. Dio 53.1.2: ‘
τὸν γὰρ Ἀγρίππαν ἐς ὑπερβολὴν ἐτίμα
.’

54
. Dio 53.1.1: ‘
ἀπὸ τοῦ πάνυ ἀρχαίου ἐποίησε, καὶ τοὺς φακέλους τῶν ῥάβδων τῷ Ἀγρίππᾳ συνάρχοντί οἱ κατὰ τὸ ἐπιβάλλον παρέδωκεν, αὐτός τε ταῖς ἑτέραις ἐχρήσατο, καὶ διάρξας τὸν ὅρκον κατὰ τὰ πάτρια ἐπήγαγε
.’

55
. Dio 53.1.2.

56
. Dio 53.1.2; Suet.,
Div. Aug
. 63.1; Plut.,
Ant
. 87.2.

57
. Suet.,
Div. Aug
. 63.1; Papyrus P. Köln 249;
PIR
²
C 1102.

58
. Reinhold (1972), pp. 119–121.

59
. Vell. Pat. 2.127.1.

60
. Rüpke (2008), p. 136.

61
. Aul. Gell.,
Noct. Att
. 6.7.

62
. Rüpke (2008), p. 136: the other members of the college were M. Claudius Marcellus, Cn. Domitius Calvinus, Ap. Claudius Pulcher, L. Cornelius Cinna, Paulus Aemilius Lepidus, Cn. Pompeius and M. Caecilius Corunutus.

63
. Strab.,
Geog
. 5.3. The festival occurred on 17, 19, and 20 May, or 27, 29, and 30 May.

64
. An inscription preserves an account of the different ceremonies of this festival. It was written in the first year of the reign of the Emperor Heliogabalus (218 CE), who was elected a member of the college under the name of M. Aurelius Antoninus Pius Felix.

65
. Pliny,
Nat. Hist
. 18.2.

66
. Th. Mommsen,
History of Rome
, Book 1, Chapter 15, notes that the Romans of Augustus’ time regarded the document to be the oldest existing in their language. This hints at an origin of the religious rite going back to at least the founding of the City, with legend suggesting Romulus was the founding member of the order.

67
. Ver.,
Aen
. 1.148–154.

68
. Ver.,
Aen
. 1.174–176 (Trans. John Dryden): ‘
Ac primum silici scintillam excudit Achates, | succepitque ignem foliis, atque arida circum | nutrimenta dedit, rapuitque in fomite flammam
.’

69
. Ver.,
Aen
1.188–192 (trans. John Dryden): ‘
Constitit hic, arcumque manu celerisque sagittas | corripuit, fidus quae tela gerebat Achates; | ductoresque ipsos primum, capita alta ferentis | cornibus arboreis, sternit, tum volgus
.’

70
. Dio 52.1.2.

71
. Dio 53.17.2–3.

72
. Cic.,
de Legibus
3.3; Dio 53.17.7.

73
. Dio 52.42.1;
CIL
IX.422 (Venusia);
RG
8 (II
²
): ‘
Senatum ter legi, et in consulatu sexto censum populi conlega M. Agrippa egi
.’

74
. Suet.,
Div. Aug
. 35; cf. 300 at the time of the founding of the republic reported in Livy,
Per
. 60, and how numbers were augmented by Iulius Caesar to 900 members as reported in Dio 43.47 and Suet.,
Caes
. 80, but restated as 1,000 in
Div. Aug
. 35.1.

75
. Dio 52.42.2–3.

76
. Dio 52.42.4–5.

77
. Dio 52.42.6–7.

78
. Dio 52.42.8.

79
.
RG
8; Suet.,
Div. Aug
. 27.5; Dio 53.1.3;
CIL
9.422.

80
. Dio 53.1.3; Zonar. 7.19, Gellius 147; Cic.,
Leg
. 3.4.

81
. Nepos,
Atticus
20.3: ‘
ex quo accidit, cum aedes Iovis Feretri in Capitolio ab Romulo constituta vetustate atque incuria detecta prolaberetur, ut Attici admonitu Caesar eam reficiendam curaret
’; Augustus,
RG
4.5; Livy 4.20.7; Dio 44.4.3.

82
. Dio 53.1.3.

83
. Dio 51.19.2.

84
. Dio 53.1.4–5.

85
. Dio 53.2.7. See Galinsky (1996), p. 65, who discusses the transition of power in the Commonwealth in the context of
arbitrium
,
ius
and
cura
.

86
. In 52.2–40 Dio presents an imaginary dialogue between Caesar, Agrippa and Maecenas on styles of government. In it Agrippa argues for a restoration of the
res publica
of old, while the other proposes an autocracy. Caesar takes the advice of Maecenas and Agrippa accepts the decision. For a discussion of whether the real Agrippa was actually a democrat at heart see Roddaz (1984),
pp. 209–216 and McKechnie (1981), pp. 150–155. Reinhard (1933), p. 65, writes ‘that a man who spent ten years fighting for another could still retain republican convictions is, to me, inconceivable … he resigned himself irrevocably to a monarchical form of government’.

87
. Dio 53 Index;
Fasti Praenestini
:
CIL
I.1
²
(Rome) (a) p. 231, (b) 236 = Dessau 2.2.8844 (
Fasti Praenestini
:
CIL
I.1
²
236 (Rome) – Agrippa’s consulate is mentioned for 16 January and for 24 April = Dessau 2.2.8844 indicates 23 April; Tac.,
Ann
. 1.3.1 uses the phrase
geminatis consulatibus
.

88
. Dio 53.3–11.4. For a full discussion of the account presented by Dio and Augustus’ version of events see Turpin (1994), pp. 427–437.

89
. Dio 53.11.5.

90
. Dio 53.12.1–2, 53.13.4–7, 53.14.1–4; Strab.,
Geog
. 17.25.

91
. Dio 53.12.4; Strab.,
Geog
. 17.25.

92
. Dio 53.13.1, 53.15.1.

93
. Dio 53.12.5–7: Dio notes Augustus soon swapped Cyprus and Narbonensis for Illyricum/Dalmatia; Strab.,
Geog
. 17.25.

94
. Dio 53.12.3.

95
. Dio 53.22.1–3. The agreement to pay for roads at his own expense recalls Iulius Caesar’s similar gesture as
curator viarum
(see
Chapter 1, n. 73
).

96
. Dio 53.16.6. See Turpin (1994), p. 437.

97
. Dio 53.16.7–8 suggests Augustus would have preferred the name Romulus, but understood the extreme political sensitivity of it; Suet.,
Div. Aug
. 7; Vell. Pat. 2.91; Florus 4.12; Orosius 6.20; Censorinus 22; Ov.,
Fast
. 1.607.

98
. Dio 53.16.4–5. Coins: examples
BMCRE
317 (Rome),
RIC
I 77a (Caesareaugusta),
RIC
I 79a (Colonia Patricia).

99
.
Virtus
,
clementia
,
iustitia
and
pietas
. See Galinsky (1996), pp. 80–88.

100
. Joseph.,
Ant. Iud
. 16.13: as Dio 53.16.8 explains Greek speakers translated Augustus as
Σεβαστός
from the verb ‘to revere’.)

101
. Pliny,
Nat. Hist
. 35.26: ‘
M. Agrippa, vir rusticitati propior quam deliciis
.’

102
. Pliny,
Nat. Hist
. 35.26: ‘
exstat certe eius oratio magnifica et maximo civium digna de tabulis omnibus signisque publicandis, quod fieri satius fuisset quam in villarum exilia pelli
.’

103
. Pliny,
Nat. Hist
. 35.26.

104
. Livy,
AUC
2.5.2, 40.52.4; Plut.,
Poplic
. 8.1; Florus 1.3..9.1; Cic.,
Cat
. 2.1; Hor.,
Carm
., 1.8.4, 3.1.11. See L. Richardson, jr,
A New Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome
, pp. 65–67.

105
. Dio. Hal. 5.13.2; Festus 204L.

106
. L. Richardson, jr,
A New Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome
(1929), p. 66.

107
. Plut.,
Caes
. 58.4. See also Gregory S. Aldrete,
Floods of the Tiber in Ancient Rome
, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (2006), Appendix 2; and R. Pareto, ‘On the Works Proper to Preventing Inundations of the Tiber in the City of Rome’ book review in
Minutes of Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers
Session 1876–7 Volume 49 Part III, By Institution of Civil Engineers (Great Britain, London, 1877), p. 337.

108
. Porphyrio on Hor.,
Ars Poetica
67–68: ‘
Tiberim intellegamus. Hunc enim Agrippa derivavit, qua nunc vadit; antea per Velabrum fluebat
.’

109
. Livy,
AUC
1.44.1–2; Dion. Hal. 4.22.1–2, 5.13.2; A. Gellius 15.27.4–5; Hor.,
Carm
. 3.7.25–28; Vegetius 1.10; Servius,
ad Ecl
1.33.

110
. Diane Favro, ‘Making Rome a World City’ in Galinsky (2005), p. 256.

111
. Plut.,
Pomp
. 42.4. The monumental statue of Pompeius below which Iulius Caesar had been murdered in the
curia
of the theatre was moved to a new location behind the
porta regia
on an arch in the adjoining colonaded
Porticus Pompeii
when Augustus paid for repairs to the theatre in 32 BCE –
RG
20; Suet.,
Div. Aug
. 31.5.

112
. Suet.,
Div. Aug
. 100.3–4; Ver.,
Aen
. 6.874; Dio 53.30.5.

113
.
CIL
VI.39087, VI.29781 =
ILS
6003 M. AGRIPPA PRIVAT ITER, found in the Tiber near the Ponte Garibaldi. Dio 54.29.4; cf. Ov.,
Pont
. 1.8.37–8; NS 1885, 343.

114
. A set of truncated bridge piers was discovered in the 1880s just north of the Ponte Sisto, which has been identified as the remains of the
Pons Agrippae
, confirmed by a calendar inscription from
Ostia –
CIL
VI.31545 – found in 1938 recording a restoration by Antoninus Pius. For a full discussion of the
Pons Agrippae
, see Taylor (2002), pp. 8–10. Just upstream from the bridge on the west bank, stood a lavishly decorated, upscale Roman town house nowadays called Villa of the Farnesina (
Casa della Farnesina
, a modern name, not its original), which possibly belonged to Agrippa as well. To the north lay what came to be known as the
Horti Agrippinae
, the Gardens of Agrippina, which most likely belonged to Agrippa before they passed to his daughter.

115
. Luigi Borsari,
Notizie degli scavi di antichita?
(1892), pp. 412–28; Luigi Borsari (1888). ‘Del Pons Agrippae sul Tevere tra le regioni IX e XIIII.’
Bullettino della Commissione archeologica comunale di Roma
16, pp. 92–98; R. Lanciani,
Forma Urbis Romae
(Milan, 1893–1901).

116
. Dio 53.27.1: ‘
αὐτοὺς ἔκλεισεν, Ἀγρίππας δὲ ἐν τούτῳ τὸ ἄστυ τοῖς ἰδίοις τέλεσιν ἐπεκόσμησε
’.

117
. Dio 53.23.1.

118
. Cic.,
Att
. 4.16.4; Dio 53.23.2.

119
. Dio 53.23.2.

120
.
TDAR
, p. 340.

121
. Dio 53.23.2.

122
. Pliny,
Nat. Hist
. 36.29: ‘
nec minor quaestio est in Saeptis, Olympum et Pana, Chironem cum Achille qui fecerint, praesertim cum capitali satisdatione fama iudicet dignos
.’

123
. Pliny,
Nat. Hist
. 36.102 – he also mentions the
Circus Maximus
built by Iulius Caesar, Basilica of Paulus, Forum of Augustus and Vespasian’s Temple of Peace: ‘
nec ut circum maximum a Caesare dictatore exstructum longitudine stadiorum trium, latitudine unius, sed cum aedificiis iugerum quaternum, ad sedem CCL, inter magna opera dicamus: non inter magnifica basilicam Pauli columnis e Phrygibus mirabilem forumque divi Augusti et templum Pacis Vespasiani Imp. Aug., pulcherrima operum, quae umquam vidit orbis? non et tectum diribitori ab Agrippa facti, cum theatrum ante texerit Romae Valerius Ostiensis architectus ludis Libonis
.’