Marcus Agrippa: Right-hand Man of Caesar Augustus (67 page)

15
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.92: ‘
καὶ νίκη κατὰ Κελτῶν τῶν Ἀκυιτανῶν ἐπιφανής, ἣν Ἀγρίππας ἄγων ἐφάνη
’; cf. Dio 48.49.3 and Eutrop. 7.5.

16
. Dio 48.49.3.

17
. Dio 48.49.3: ‘
τὴν τοῦ ναυτικοῦ παρασκευὴν ἐγχειρίσας. τοὺς γὰρ Γαλάτας αὐτὸν τοὺς νεωτερίσαντας προσπολεμούμενον, ὅτεπερ καὶ τὸν Ῥῆνον δεύτερος δὴ Ῥωμαίων ἐπὶ πολέμῳ διέβη, μετεπέμψατο
.’

18
. Dio 48.49.3: ‘
καὶ τῇ τε δόσει τῶν νικητηρίων ἐτίμησε καὶ ἐκπονῆσαι
’; cf. Augustus,
RG
11.

19
. See Sources 2.(a); cf. to coins issued in 38 BCE to announce the designate consulship of M. Antonius, e.g.
aureus
C.533.3b, S.1201 with obverse inscription IMP TERT COS DESIGN ITER ET TERT IIIVIR R P C, and
denarius
C.533.2, S.1199 with obverse IIIVIR R P C COS DESIG ITER ET TERT; and by Caesar minted 37 BCE e.g.
denarius
Sydenham 1334, Sear
Imperators
312, Crawford 538/1, Cohen 91 with obverse inscription COS ITER ET TER DESIG.

20
.
CIL
1
²
.28, 65, 158–159; Dio 48 Index, 48.49.4 and 49.23.5; Joseph.,
Ant. Iud
. 14.16.4.

21
.
Tresviri monetales
: Ironically in 12 BCE, the year of Agrippa’s death.

22
.
CIL
IV.2437 (Pompeii): IV NON DEC USCE AD VI EID DEC M AGRIP T STAT COS referring to 2–8 December.

23
. Dio 48.49.3: ‘
καὶ τῇ τε δόσει τῶν νικητηρίων ἐτίμησε καὶ ἐκπονῆσαι ἐξασκῆσαί τε τὸ ναυτικὸν ἐκέλευσε
.’ Scholars have debated Agrippa’s reasoning for declining the honour of the triumph, for example, see Reinhold (1933), p. 28 n. 2–3 and p. 29 n. 4.

24
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.25–26: ‘
ἀλλὰ Πομπηίῳ μὲν ὑπὸ ἀφροσύνης οὐκ ἐπιχειρεῖν, ἀλλὰ ἀμύνεσθαι μόνον ἐδόκει, μέχρι καὶ τοῦδε ἥσσων ἐγένετο
.’

25
. Dio 48.45.5.

26
. Dio 48.46.1.

27
. Dio 48.46.2–3.

28
. Dio 48.46.4.

29
. Dio 48.46.5.

30
. Dio 48.47.1–2.

31
. Dio 48.47.3–4.

32
. Dio 48.47.5.

33
. Dio 48.48.1.

34
. Dio 48.48.2–5.

35
. Florus 2.18 calls this ‘
bellum cum Sexto Pompeio
’, but some modern historians refer to this as The Sicilian War, e.g. Reinhold (1933), chapter 4, pp. 28–44; Stone, S.C. (2002), ‘Sextus Pompeius, Octavianus and Sicily’ in Powell and Welch (2002), pp. 135–65.

36
. Dio 49.49.2–3.

37
. Vell. Pat. 2.79.1: ‘
Aedificandis navibus contrahendoque militi ac remigi navalibusque adsuescendo certaminibus atque exercitationibus praefectus est M. Agrippa, virtutis nobilissimae, labore, vigilia,
periculo invictus parendique, sed uni, scientissimus, aliis sane imperandi cupidus et per omnia extra dilationes positus consultisque facta coniungens
.’

38
. Dio 48.49.4: ‘
τὸ δὲ δὴ ναυτικὸν πάνυ προθύμως ἐξειργάσατο
.’

39
. The
rostrum
or ram of a warship was found in 2008 offshore from Acqualadrone in northeastern Sicily still attached to a wooden stump. Analysis of the acids and other substances in the wooden remains of the warship, which likely fought in the First Punic War, show that the strutwork is pine (
Pinus salius
), waterproofed with pine tar. The
rostrum
is cast bronze, with a wooden core that was preserved by burial beneath the seafloor. Carbon-14 analysis gave a date of 277t83 BC. The ship may have been damaged during the Battle of Tyndaris (257 BC) or of Mylae (260 BC) fought between the navies of Rome and Carthage.

40
. Pitassi (2011), p.123; cf. W.L. Roger’s reconstruction which shows a bireme at 33.5m (110 feet) in length and a beam of 5m (16.5 feet) in Starr (1941),
plate 5
: the crew would likely comprise 25 seamen, 108 rowers and 80 marines.

41
. Rogers (2008), pp. 199–226.

42
. Pitassi (2011), pp.125–126.

43
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.106.

44
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.106; Dio 49.3.4. An earlier versions of this device is recorded in Thucydides 7.62 where Nikias advises the Athenians ‘we have provided iron grapnels, which will prevent any ship striking us from getting off if the marines are quick and do their duty’.

45
. Servius,
Aeneid
8.693: ‘
nam Agrippa primus hoc genus turrium invenit, ut de tabulatis subito erigerentur, simul ac ventum esset in proelium, turres hostibus inprovisae, in navigando essent occultae
’. See App.,
Bell. Civ
. 4.72 for the later use of these collapsible turrets by Cassius in his siege of the Rhodians at Myndos.

46
. For a full description of the device see Polybios 1.22–23.

47
. Dio 48.49.4: ‘
ἐγίγνετο μὲν γὰρ ἐν πάσῃ τῇ παραθαλασσίῳ Ἰταλίᾳ τὰ σκάφη
.’

48
. Dio 48.49.4–5: ‘
ἐγίγνετο μὲν γὰρ ἐν πάσῃ τῇ παραθαλασσίῳ Ἰταλίᾳ τὰ σκάφη. ὡς δ᾽ οὐδεὶς αἰγιαλὸς ἐγκαθορμίσασθαι αὐτοῖς ἀσφαλὴς εὑρίσκετο ῾ἀλίμενα γὰρ ἔτι καὶ τότε τὰ πλείω τῆς ἠπείρου ταύτης ἦν᾽, ἔργον μεγαλοπρεπὲς καὶ ἐνενόησε καὶ ἐξεποίησεν, ὃ ἐγὼ διὰ πλειόνων ἐξηγησάμενος ἐκεῖνό τε ἐπιδείξω τῷ λόγῳ καὶ τἆλλα τὰ κατ᾽ αὐτὸ νῦν ὄντα
.’

49
. Dio 48.50.1–3: ‘
ἐν τῇ Κύμῃ τῇ Καμπανίδι χωρίον τι μεταξὺ Μισηνοῦ καὶ Πουτεόλων μηνοειδές ἐστιν: ὄρεσί τε γὰρ σμικροῖς καὶ ψιλοῖς, πλὴν βραχέων, περιείληπται, καὶ θάλασσαν τριπλῆν κολπώδη ἔχει. ἡ μὲν γὰρ ἔξω τε καὶ πρὸς ταῖς πόλεσίν ἐστιν, ἡ δ᾽ ὀλίγῃ διαφυῇ ἀπ᾽ αὐτῆς διείργεται, ἄλλη ἐν αὐτῷ τῷ μυχῷ λιμνώδης ὁρᾶται. καὶ καλεῖται αὕτη μὲν Ἀουερνίς, ἡ δὲ μέση Λουκρινίς: ἡ γὰρ ἔξω, τοῦ Τυρσηνικοῦ οὖσα, ἐς ἐκεῖνο καὶ τὴν ἐπωνυμίαν τελεῖ. ἐν ταύτῃ δὴ τῇ θαλάσσῃ τῇ ἐντὸς ἑκατέρας στενοῖς τότε ἔσπλοις τὸ διεῖργον τὴν Λουκρινίδα ἀπὸ τοῦ πελάγους ἐπ᾽ ἀμφότερα παρ᾽ αὐτὴν τὴν ἤπειρον ὁ Ἀγρίππας συντρήσας λιμένας ναυλοχωτάτους ἀπέδειξεν
.’

50
. Brandon, Hohlfelder and Oleson (2008), pp. 374–379.

51
. Vergil,
Georgicon
2.161–164: ‘
an memorem portus Lucrinoque addita claustra | atque indignatum magnis stridoribus aequor, | Iulia qua ponto longe sonat unda refuso | Tyrrhenusque fretis immittitur aestus Auernis?
’

52
. Pliny,
Nat. His
. 36.125: ‘
nam … praetereo … mare Tyrrhenum a Lucrino molibus seclusum
.’

53
. Suet.,
Div. Aug
. 16.1.

54
. Dio 48.51.5: ‘
καὶ ἐς αὐτὰς τότε ὁ Ἀγρίππας, ἐπειδὴ τάχιστα τοὺς ἔσπλους ἐξεποίησε, τάς τε ναῦς καὶ τοὺς ἐρέτας ἤθροισε, καὶ τὰς μὲν κατέφραττε, τοὺς δὲ ἐπ᾽ ἰκρίων ἐρέττειν ἤσκει
.’

55
. Florus 2.18.6; Suet.,
Div. Aug
. 16.1. Vell. Pat. 2.79.1–2.

56
. Suet.,
Div. Aug
. 16.1. Dio 48.49.1.

57
. Velleius 2.79.1–2: ‘
Hic in Averno ac Lucrino lacu speciosissima classe fabricata cotidianis exercitationibus militem remigemque ad summam et militaris et maritimae rei perduxit scientiam
.’

58
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.93.

59
. Plut.,
Ant
. 35.

60
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.93.

61
. Plut.,
Ant
. 35; App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.94–95; Dio 48.54.1–6.

62
. Cic.,
Att
. 6.2.10, 4.3.

63
. Cic.,
Att
. 13.21.7;
Ad Brutum
1.17.7. She was born between May and September 51 BCE according to Cicero,
Ad Atticum
5.19.2.

64
. Nepos,
Atticus
12.1–2. Antonius regularly corresponded with Atticus – Nepos,
Atticus
20.4.

65
. Cic.,
Ad Atticum
6.2.10, 4.3.

66
. Nepos,
Atticus
21.4–5, 22.2.

67
. Suet.,
Tib
. 7.2;
CIL
V.6359, VI.9901a.

68
. Powell (2011), pp. 1–3.

69
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.96.

70
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.96: ‘
οἱ μὲν βωμοὶ ψαύουσι τῆς θαλάσσης, καὶ ἡ πληθὺς αὐτοὺς περιέστηκε κατὰ ναῦν μετὰ σιωπῆς βαθυτάτης: οἱ δὲ ἱερουργοὶ θύουσι μὲν ἑστῶτες ἐπὶ τῇ θαλάσσῃ καὶ τρὶς ἐπὶ σκαφῶν περιφέρουσιν ἀνὰ τὸν στόλον τὰ καθάρσια, συμπεριπλεόντων αὐτοῖς τῶν στρατηγῶν καὶ ἐπαρωμένων ἐς τάδε τὰ καθάρσια, ἀντὶ τοῦ στόλου, τὰ ἀπαίσια τραπῆναι. νείμαντες δὲ αὐτά, μέρος ἐς τὴν θάλασσαν ἀπορρίπτουσι καὶ μέρος ἐς τοὺς βωμοὺς ἐπιθέντες ἅπτουσι, καὶ ὁ λεὼς ἐπευφημεῖ
.’

71
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.97. Dio 49.1.1 says the fleets sailed in the spring.

72
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.97–98.

73
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.98: ‘
οὕτω μὲν ἑκάτεροι παρασκευῆς εἶχον, γενομένης δὲ τῆς νουμηνίας ἀνήγοντο πάντες ἅμα ἠοῖ, Λέπιδος μὲν ἐκ Λιβύης χιλίαις ὁλκάσι καὶ μακραῖς ἑβδομήκοντα καὶ τέλεσι στρατοῦ δυώδεκα καὶ ἱππεῦσι Νομάσι πεντακισχιλίοις καὶ ἑτέρᾳ παρασκευῇ πολλῇ
.’

74
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.98: ‘
Πλένιον ἐν Λιλυβαίῳ πολιορκῶν, τινὰς τῶν πόλεων ὑπήγετο καὶ ἑτέρας ἐβιάζετο
.’

75
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.98: Appian notes Taurus brought with him ‘only 102 of the 130 ships that Antony had left, since the oarsmen of the remainder had perished during the winter’.

76
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.98.

77
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.99.

78
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.100.

79
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.99.

80
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.101.

81
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.100.

82
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.101. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.113 writes, ‘This was the same Messala whom the triumvirs proscribed at Rome, and for the killing of whom money and freedom were offered as rewards. He had fled to Cassius and Brutus, and after their death had delivered his fleet to Antony, in pursuance of an agreement made between them. It seems fitting to recall this fact in honour of Roman magnanimity, inasmuch as Messala, when he had in his power, overwhelmed with misfortune, the man who had proscribed him, saved him and cared for him as his commander.’

83
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.101.

84
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.102.

85
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.103.

86
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.104.

87
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.105.

88
. The First Punic War ended here in 241 BCE: C. Lutatius Catulus defeated the Carthaginian fleet and a treaty was signed between them which saw Sicily handed over to the Romans.

89
. Dio 49.2.3.

90
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.105.

91
. This may be a copyist’s mistake for Demochares. The preceding section states that Demochares was in Agrippa’s front, and Dio 49.2.1–4 informs us that the battle that took place here was between Agrippa and Demochares. Suet.,
Div. Aug
. 16 adds the name of Apollophanes.

92
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.106: ‘
Ἀγρίππας δ᾽ ἔτι νυκτὸς ἐξ Ἱερᾶς ἀνήγετο ταῖς ἡμίσεσι τῶν νεῶν ὡς Παπίᾳ μόνῳ ναυμαχήσων. ἐπεὶ δὲ καὶ τὰς Ἀπολλοφάνους εἶδε καὶ τὰς ἑβδομήκοντα ἑτέρωθι, Καίσαρι μὲν αὐτίκα ἐδήλου Πομπήιον ἐπὶ τῶν Μυλῶν εἶναι σὺν τῷ πλέονι ναυτικῷ, τὰς δὲ βαρείας αὐτὸς ἦγε κατὰ μέσον καὶ τὸν ἄλλον στόλον ἐξ Ἱερᾶς ἐκάλει κατὰ σπουδήν: ἐσκεύαστο δ᾽ ἀμφοτέροις πάντα λαμπρῶς, καὶ πύργους ἐπὶ τῶν νεῶν εἶχον κατά τε πρῷραν καὶ κατὰ πρύμναν. ὡς δὲ αὐτοῖς αἵ τε παρακελεύσεις, οἵας εἰκὸς ἦν, ἐγεγένηντο καὶ τὰ σημεῖα κατὰ ναῦν ἦρτο, ἐξώρμων ἐπ᾽ ἀλλήλους, οἱ μὲν κατὰ μέτωπον, οἱ δ᾽ ἐς περικύκλωσιν, σύν τε βοῇ καὶ ῥοθίῳ νεῶν καὶ καταπλήξει ποικίλῃ. ἦν δὲ καὶ τὰ σκάφη Πομπηίῳ μὲν βραχύτερα καὶ κοῦφα καὶ ὀξέα ἐς τὰς ἐφορμήσεις τε καὶ περίπλους, καίσαρι δὲ μείζω καὶ βαρύτερα καὶ
παρ᾽ αὐτὸ καὶ βραδύτερα, βιαιότερα δὲ ὅμως ἐμπεσεῖν καὶ τρωθῆναι δυσπαθέστερα. τῶν τε ἀνδρῶν οἱ μὲν ναυτικώτεροι τῶν Καίσαρος ἦσαν, οἱ δὲ σθεναρώτεροι: καὶ κατὰ λόγον οἱ μὲν οὐκ ἐμβολαῖς, ἀλλὰ μόναις περιόδοις ἐπλεονέκτουν, καὶ ταρσοὺς τῶν μειζόνων ἢ πηδάλια ἀνέκλων ἢ κώπας ἀνέκοπτον ἢ ἀπεχώριζον ὅλως τὰ σκάφη καὶ ἔβλαπτον ἐμβολῆς οὐχ ἥσσονα: οἱ δὲ τοῦ Καίσαρος αὐτὰς ἐμβολαῖς ὡς βραχυτέρας ἀνέκοπτον ἢ κατέσειον ἢ διερρήγνυον καί, ὅτε συμπλακεῖεν, ἔβαλλόν τε ὡς ταπεινοτέρας ἀφ᾽ ὑψηλοῦ καὶ κόρακας ἢ χεῖρας σιδηρᾶς εὐκολώτερον ἐπερρίπτουν. οἱ δὲ ὅτε βιασθεῖεν, ἐξήλλοντο ἐς τὸ πέλαγος. καὶ τούσδε μὲν τὰ ὑπηρετικὰ τοῦ Πομπηίου περιπλέοντα ἀνελάμβανεν
.’ Cf. Dio 49.3.1–3.

93
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.107: ‘
ὁ δὲ Ἀγρίππας ἵετο μάλιστα εὐθὺ τοῦ Παπίου καὶ αὐτῷ κατὰ τὴν ἐπωτίδα ἐμπεσὼν κατέσεισε τὴν ναῦν καὶ ἐς τὰ κοῖλα ἀνέρρηξεν: ἡ δὲ τούς τε ἐν τοῖς πύργοις ἀπεσείσατο καὶ τὴν θάλασσαν ἀθρόως ἐδέχετο, καὶ τῶν ἐρετῶν οἱ μὲν θαλαμίαι πάντες ἀπελήφθησαν, οἱ δ᾽ ἕτεροι τὸ κατάστρωμα ἀναρρήξαντες ἐξενήχοντο. Παπίας δὲ ἐς τὴν παρορμοῦσαν ἀναληφθεὶς αὖθις ἐπῄει τοῖς πολεμίοις
.’

94
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.107: ‘
καὶ ὁ Πομπήιος ἐξ ὄρους ἐφορῶν τὰς μὲν ἰδίας μικρὰ ἐπωφελούσας καὶ ψιλουμένας τῶν ἐπιβατῶν, ὅτε συμπλακεῖεν, Ἀγρίππᾳ δὲ τὸν ἕτερον στόλον ἐξ Ἱερᾶς προσπλέοντα, ἀναχωρεῖν ἐσήμηνε σὺν κόσμῳ. καὶ ἀνεχώρουν ἐπιόντες τε καὶ ἀναστρέφοντες ἀεὶ κατ᾽ ὀλίγον. Ἀγρίππα δ᾽ ἐπιβαρήσαντος αὐτοῖς ἔφευγον, οὐκ ἐς τοὺς αἰγιαλούς, ἀλλ᾽ ὅσα τῆς θαλάσσης οἱ ποταμοὶ τεναγώδη πεποιήκεσαν
.’