Marcus Agrippa: Right-hand Man of Caesar Augustus (70 page)

41
. Plut.,
Ant
. 58.1.

42
. Plut.,
Ant
. 58.2: ‘
ὅθεν ἐν τοῖς μεγίστοις ἁμαρτήμασιν Ἀντωνίου τὴν ἀναβολὴν τοῦ πολέμου τίθενται. καὶ γὰρ παρασκευάσασθαι χρόνον ἔδωκε Καίσαρι καὶ τὰς ταραχὰς τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἐξέλυσε. πραττόμενοι γὰρ ἠγριαίνοντο, πραχθέντες δὲ καὶ δόντες ἡσύχαζον
.’

43
. Vell. Pat. 2.83.2. Titius: In 40 BCE he was captured in Gallia Narbonenis by Menodorus, one of Sex. Pompeius deputies, but was pardoned for his father’s sake: Dio 48.30.5; App.,
Bell. Civ
. 5.142. Plancus: uncle of Titius, Munatius Plancus had been a loyal deputy of Iulius Caesar during the Gallic War and was proconsul of Gallia Comata – founding Colonia Copia Felix Munatia Lugdunum – at the time of the assassination, whereafter he shifted his allegiance to Antonius, and was made proconsul of Asia and Syria.

44
. Plut.,
Ant
. 58.3–6.

45
. Plut.,
Ant
. 58.4.

46
. Florus 2.21.2: ‘
captus amore Cleopatrae
.’

47
. Dio 50.1.3.

48
. Dio 50.1.4.

49
. Dio 50.1.5.

50
. Dio 50.2.3.

51
. Dio 50.2.4.

52
. Dio 50.2.5.

53
. Dio 50.2.5–6.

54
. Dio 50.2.5–7.

55
. Vell. Pat. 2.84.2.

56
. Cinna: son of the man of the same name who supported C. Marius, when Iulius Caesar became
dictator
, Cinna was promoted to
praetor
. He disapproved of Caesar’s authoritarianism but did not join the conspiracy to assassinate him. Messalla: In 43 BCE he was proscribed, but escaped to the camp of Brutus and Cassius. After the Battle of Philippi he defected to Antonius, but later switched his support to Caesar.

57
. Dio 49.44.4.

58
. Plut.,
Ant
. 57.2–3; Dio 50.3.2; cf. Livy,
Per
. 132; Orosius 6.19.4.

59
. Plut.,
Ant
. 57.3: ‘
κλαίουσαν δὲ καὶ δυσφοροῦσαν εἰ δόξει μία τῶν αἰτιῶν τοῦ πολέμου καὶ αὐτὴ γεγονέναι
.’

60
. Plut.,
Ant
. 57.3: ‘
Ῥωμαῖοι δὲ ᾤκτειρον οὐκ ἐκείνην, ἀλλ᾽ Ἀντώνιον, καὶ μᾶλλον οἱ Κλεοπάτραν ἑωρακότες οὔτε κάλλει τῆς Ὀκταουίας οὔτε ὥρᾳ διαφέρουσαν
.’

61
. Plut.,
Ant
. 58.2.

62
. Plut.,
Ant
. 60.1: ‘
ἐπεὶ δὲ παρεσκεύαστο Καῖσαρ ἱκανῶς, ψηφίζεται Κλεοπάτρᾳ πολεμεῖν, ἀφελέσθαι δὲ τῆς ἀρχῆς Ἀντώνιον ἧς ἐξέστη γυναικί
’; cf. Dio 50.4.3–4.

63
. Plut.,
Ant
. 60.1: ‘
ἐπεὶ δὲ παρεσκεύαστο Καῖσαρ ἱκανῶς, ψηφίζεται Κλεοπάτρᾳ πολεμεῖν, ἀφελέσθαι δὲ τῆς ἀρχῆς Ἀντώνιον ἧς ἐξέστη γυναικί. καὶ προσεπεῖπε Καῖσαρ ὡς Ἀντώνιος μὲν ὑπὸ φαρμάκων οὐδὲ αὑτοῦ κρατοίη, πολεμοῦσι δ᾽ αὐτοῖς Μαρδίων ὁ εὐνοῦχος καὶ Ποθεινὸς καὶ Εἰρὰς ἡ Κλεοπάτρας κουρεύτρια καὶ Χάρμιον, ὑφ᾽ ὧν τὰ μέγιστα διοικεῖται τῆς ἡγεμονίας
.’

64
. Florus 2.21.2.

65
. Dio 50.4.5.

66
. Dio 50.4.5: ‘
ἅπερ που λόγῳ μὲν πρὸς τὴν Κλεοπάτραν, ἔργῳ δὲ καὶ πρὸς τὸν Ἀντώνιον ἔτεινεν
.’

67
.
RG
25.2.

68
. Nepos,
Atticus
21.1.

69
. Nepos,
Atticus
21.2–3: ‘
subito tanta vis morbi in imum intestinum prorupit, ut extremo tempore per lumbos fistulae puris eruperint
.’

70
. Nepos,
Atticus
21.4.

71
. Nepos,
Atticus
22.1–2: ‘
Hac oratione habita tanta constantia vocis atque vultus, ut non ex vita, sed ex domo in domum videretur migrare, cum quidem Agrippa eum flens atque osculans oraret atque obsecraret, ne id quod natura cogeret ipse quoque sibi acceleraret, et, quoniam tum quoque posset temporibus superesse, se sibi suisque reservaret, preces eius taciturna sua obstinatione depressit
.’

72
. Nepos,
Atticus
22.3.

73
. Nepos,
Atticus
22.4: ‘
Elatus est in lecticula, ut ipse praescripserat, sine ulla pompa funeris, comitantibus omnibus bonis, maxima vulgi frequentia
.’

74
. Dio 50.9.2–3, 50.14.1.

75
. Dio 50.9.2.

76
. Dio 50.9.2–3.

77
. Orosius 6.19.7: ‘
inde Corcyram cepit; fugientes navali proelio persecutus profligauit multisque rebus cruentissime gestis ad Caesarem venit
.’

78
. Orosius 6.19.6.

79
. Dio 50.11.3; Orosius 6.19.6.

80
. Dio 50.11.3 = Zonar. 10.29.

81
. Dio 50.11.5; 50.88.2.

82
. Dio 50.11.1; Plut.,
Ant
. 62.2.

83
. Dio 50.11.2–6.

84
. Dio 50.11.4–50.12.36.

85
. Dio 50.14.1–2: ‘
κἀν τούτῳ ναυμαχία τις ἐγένετο. ὁ γὰρ Σόσσιος Λουκίου Ταρρίου ναυσὶν ὀλίγαις ἐφορμοῦντός σφισιν ἐλπίσας ἄξιόν τι λόγου πράξειν, ἂν πρὶν τὸν Ἀγρίππαν, ᾧ πᾶν τὸ ναυτικὸν ἐπετέτραπτο, ἐπελθεῖν, συμβάλῃ αὐτῷ, ἐξανήχθη τε ἐξαπιναίως ὑπὸ τὴν ἕω, ὁμίχλην βαθεῖαν τηρήσας ἵνα μὴ τὸ πλῆθός σφων προϊδὼν φύγῃ, καὶ παραχρῆμα τῇ πρώτῃ προσβολῇ τρεψάμενος αὐτὸν ἐπεδίωξε μέν, οὐχ εἷλε δέ: τοῦ γὰρ Ἀγρίππου κατὰ τύχην ἀπαντήσαντός οἱ οὐ μόνον οὐδὲν τῆς νίκης ἀπώνητο, ἀλλὰ καὶ προσδιεφθάρη μετά τε τοῦ Ταρκονδιμότου καὶ μετ᾽ ἄλλων πολλῶν
.’ The individuals mentioned in the extract are L. Tarius Rufus (one of Caesar’s men), C. Sosius (an early ally of Antonius) and Tarcondimotus (king of Cilicia).

86
. Nepos,
Atticus
21–22; Dio 50.12.1.

87
. Dio 50.12.1.

88
. Dio 50.12.7.

89
. Dio 50.12.8.

90
. Dio 50.12.8: ‘
ταῦτ᾽ οὖν προκατασχόντες οἱ Ἀντωνίειοι ἐπί τε τοῦ στόματος πύργους ἑκατέρωθεν ἐπῳκοδόμησαν καὶ τὸ μέσον ναυσὶ διέλαβον, ὥστε σφίσι καὶ τοὺς ἔκπλους καὶ τὰς ἀναχωρήσεις ἀσφαλεῖς εἶναι: αὐτοί τε ἐπὶ θάτερα τοῦ 1 πορθμοῦ κατὰ τὸ ῾̓ ̣ ερόν, ἐν χωρίῳ ὁμαλῷ μὲν καὶ πλατεῖ, ἐμμαχέσασθαι δὲ ἢ ἐνστρατοπεδεύσασθαι ἐπιτηδειοτέρῳ, ἐνηυλίζοντο: ἐξ οὗπερ οὐχ ἥκιστα τῇ νόσῳ καὶ ἐν τῷ χειμῶνι, καὶ ἐν τῷ θέρει πολὺ μᾶλλον, ἐπιέσθησαν
’; cf. 50.15.3.

91
. Vell. Pat. 2.84.1.

92
. Plut.,
Ant
. 67.7 and 68.4–5. The Greek communities were pressed into providing provisions and materiel for Antonius under increasing cruelty. Among them was Plutarch’s own father.

93
. Dio 50.10.1.

94
. Dio 50.12.4: ‘
καὶ ἐν αὐτῷ ἐπὶ μετεώρου, ὅθεν ἐπὶ πάντα ὁμοίως τῆς τε ἔξω τῆς πρὸς Πάξοις θαλάσσης καὶ τῆς εἴσω 1 τῆς Ἀμπρακικῆς τῆς τε ἐν τῷ μέσῳ αὐτῶν, ἐν ᾧ οἱ λιμένες οἱ πρὸς τῇ Νικοπόλει εἰσίν, ἄποπτόν ἐστιν, ἱδρύθη
’ – the islands he refers to are Paxos and Antipaxos. Cf. Florus 2.21.11.4, Livy,
Per
. 132.2.

95
. Dio 50.12.4.

96
. Dio 50.12.5: ‘
κἀκ τούτου καὶ ἐφήδρευε καὶ ἐφώρμει τῷ Ἀκτίῳ καὶ κατὰ γῆν καὶ κατὰ θάλασσαν. ἤδη μὲν γὰρ ἤκουσα ὅτι καὶ τριήρεις ἐκ τῆς ἔξω θαλάσσης ἐς τὸν κόλπον διὰ τοῦ τειχίσματος ὑπερήνεγκε, βύρσαις νεοδάρτοις ἀντὶ ὁλκῶν ἐλαίῳ ἐπαληλιμμέναις
’.

97
. Vell. Pat. 2.84.1.

98
. Dio 50.13.4.

99
. Plut.,
Ant
. 63.2.

100
. Dio 50.13.4.

101
. Dio 50.13.5.

102
. Dio 50.13.5: ‘
Ἀγρίππας δὲ τότε μὲν τήν τε Λευκάδα καὶ τὰ ἐν αὐτῇ σκάφη αἰφνιδίως ἐπεσπλεύσας ἔλαβε
.’

103
. Vell. Pat. 2.84.2: ‘
Denique in ore atque oculis Antonianae classis per M. Agrippam Leucas expugnata, Patrae captae, Corinthus occupata, bis ante ultimum discrimen classis hostium superata
’; Dio 50.13.5.

104
. Dio 50.13.2–3: ‘
καὶ ἦλθε μὲν οὐ πολλῷ ὕστερον, οὐ μέντοι καὶ ἐς ἀγῶνα εὐθὺς κατέστη, καίτοι ἐκείνου τόν τε πεζὸν πρὸ τοῦ στρατοπέδου σφῶν συνεχῶς προπαρατάσσοντος καὶ ταῖς ναυσὶ πολλάκις σφίσιν ἐπιπλέοντος, τάς τε ὁλκάδας αὐτῶν κατάγοντος, ὅπως πρὶν πᾶσαν τὴν δύναμιν αὐτῷ συνελθεῖν, μόνοις τοῖς τότε παροῦσίν οἱ συμμίξῃ
.’

105
. Orosius 6.19.7: ‘
Antonius defectu et fame militum suorum permotus bellum maturare instituit ac repente instructis copiis ad Caesaris castra processit et uictus est
.’

106
. Orosius 6.19.8; Dio 50.14.3.

107
. Dio 50.15.1.

108
. Dio 50.13.6, 50.15.3.

109
. Dio 50.13.6 and 8; Plut.,
Ant
. 63.2; Vell. Pat. 2.84.2.

110
. Plut.,
Ant
. 40.5.

111
. Dio 50.11.1: ‘
τοιούτων δὴ σημείων προφανέντων σφίσιν οὔτε ἐφοβήθησαν οὔθ᾽ ἧττόν τι ἐπολέμησαν, ἀλλὰ τὸν μὲν χειμῶνα κατασκοπαῖς τε χρώμενοι καὶ παραλυποῦντες ἀλλήλους διετέλεσαν
.’

112
. Dio 50.31.1.

113
. Dio 50.31.2.

114
. Lange (2011), p. 208 n. 1, p. 209 n. 5 and 6 puts Vell. Pat., Plutarch, Florus, Ostorius, Ferrabino (1924), Tarn (1938) and Syme (1939) in this camp.

115
. Lange (2011), p. 208 n. 3 puts Dio, Kromayer (1899), Gilles, Leake (1835), Merivale and Gravière (1885), Richardson (1937), Carter (1970), Grant (1972) and Kienast (1999) in this camp.

116
. Lange (2011), p. 201 n. 14, cites Pelling (1988).

117
. Dio 50.15.1.

118
. Plut.,
Ant
. 63.3–5; cf. 56.2.

119
. Plut.,
Ant
. 64.2; Dio 50.15.4 and 50.31.2; cf. Tarn (1931), pp. 188–9 n. 4.

120
. Dio 50.31.2; Plut.,
Ant
. 65.1.

121
. Vell. Pat. 2.85.1: ‘
Advenit deinde maximi discriminis dies, quo Caesar Antoniusque productis classibus pro salute alter, in ruinam alter terrarum orbis dimicavere
.’

122
. Lange (2011), p. 617; Plut.,
Ant
. 61.1–2; Vell. Pat. 2.84.1–2. Dio 50.16.2 mentions Antonius’ army comprised of hoplites, cavalry, slingers, peltasts, archers and mounted archers. Plut.,
Ant
. 61.1–2 also lists the client kingdoms arrayed with him: ‘Of subject kings who fought with him, there were Bocchus the king of Libya, Tarcondemus the king of Upper Cilicia, Archelaüs of Cappadocia, Philadelphus of Paphlagonia, Mithridates of Commagene, and Sadalas of Thrace. These were with him, while from Pontus Polemon sent an army, and Malchus from Arabia, and Herod the Jew, besides Amyntas the king of Lycaonia and Galatia; the king of the Medes also sent an auxiliary force.’

123
. Joseph.,
Bell. Iud
. 1.19.1–6.

124
. Vell. Pat. 2.85.2.

125
. Plut.,
Ant
. 61.1–2: he also states Caesar commanded 80,000 infantry and 12,000 cavalry.

126
. Orosius 6.19.8: ‘
navali proelio decernere paratus. ducentae triginta rostratae fuere Caesaris naves et triginta sine rostris, triremes velocitate Liburnicis pares et octo legiones classi superpositae, absque cohortibus quinque praetoriis. classis Antonii centum septuaginta navium fuit
.’

127
. Florus 2.21.5.

128
. Florus 2.21.6: ‘
Caesaris naves a bini remigum in senos nec amplius ordines creverant; itaque habites in omnia quae usus posceret, ad impetus et recursus flexusque capiendos, illas gravis et ad omnia praepeditas singulas plures adortae missilibus, simul rostris, ad hoc ignibus iactis ad arbitrium dissipavere
.’

129
. See
Chapter 3, n. 41
–
42
.

130
. Dio 50.23.2, 50.18.4 inferred.

131
. Orosius 6.19.8; Plut.,
Ant
. 65.1; Dio 50.31.3.

132
. Dio 50.31.3.

133
. Dio 50.23.2.

134
. Dio 50.18.4–6 has Antonius dismissing Agrippa’s fleet, putting into his mouth the words ‘so great is the difference between us two; but, as a rule, it is those who have the better equipment that secure the victories’.

135
. Plut.,
Ant
. 61.1: ‘
ἐν αἷς ὀκτήρεις πολλαὶ καὶ δεκήρεις κεκοσμημέναι σοβαρῶς καὶ πανηγυρικῶς
’. Florus 2.21.3: ‘
Aureum in manu baculum, ad latus acinaces, purpurea vestis ingentibus obstricta gemmis
.’

136
. Florus 2.21.5–6: ‘
sed numerum magnitudo pensabat. Quippe a sensis novenos remorum ordines, ad hoc turribus atque tabulatis adlevatae castellorum vel urbium specie, non sine gemitu maris et labore ventorum ferebatur; quae quidem ipsa moles exitio fuit
.’

137
. Orosius 6.19.9: ‘
navium … nam decem pedum altitudine a mari aberrant
.’ A Roman foot is believed to be 0.967 modern Imperial feet, or 294.7mm.

138
. Dio 50.23.3: ‘
καὶ ἐπ᾽ αὐτὰ πύργους τε ὑψηλοὺς ἐπικατεσκεύασε καὶ πλῆθος ἀνθρώπων ἐπανεβίβασεν, ὥστε καθάπερ ἀπὸ τειχῶν αὐτοὺς μάχεσθαι
.’

139
. Orosius 6.19.8; Dio 50.31.3.

140
. Plut.,
Ant
. 64.2: ‘
λέγων ὅτι δεῖ μηδένα φεύγοντα τῶν πολεμίων διαφυγεῖν
.’

141
. Plut.,
Ant
. 61.1.

142
. Florus 2.21.5: ‘
ducentae non minus hostium
’; Orosius 6.19.9: ‘
classis Antonii centum septuaginta navium fuit
’.

143
. Plut.,
Ant
. 64.1; Orosius 6.19.6–9; Dio 50.15.4, 50.12.1.

144
. Dio 50.14.1–2, 50.31.2.

145
. See the careful analysis of Lange (2011), pp. 612–615.

146
. Dio 50.31.4; Plut.,
Ant
. 65.4.

147
. Vell. Pat. 2.85.2, Dio 15.19.1.

148
. Plut.,
Ant
. 65.3.

149
. Plut.,
Ant
. 65.3; Dio 50.31.4.