Marcus Agrippa: Right-hand Man of Caesar Augustus (73 page)

124
. Dio 55.8.4.

125
. Pliny,
Nat. Hist
. 16.201: ‘
fuit memoria nostra et in porticibus saeptorum a M. Agrippa relicta aeque miraculi causa, quae diribitorio superfuerat, xx pedibus brevior, sesquipedali crassitudine
.’ The building to which Pliny compared it was Nero’s amphitheature of ‘
longa pedes CXX
’.

126
. Dio 55.8.4.

127
. Dio 53.27.1 calls it the
στοὰ τοῦ Ποσειδῶνος
, and elsewhere (56.24) speaks of a
Ποσειδώνιον
. See Lucas (1904).

128
. Dio 53.27.1: ‘
τοῦτο μὲν γὰρ τὴν στοὰν τὴν τοῦ Ποσειδῶνος ὠνομασμένην καὶ ἐξῳκοδόμησεν ἐπὶ ταῖς ναυκρατίαις καὶ τῇ τῶν Ἀργοναυτῶν γραφῇ ἐπελάμπρυνε, τοῦτο δὲ τὸ πυριατήριον τὸ Λακωνικὸν κατεσκεύασε
.’ It is generally agreed that the
στόα Ποσειδῶνος
mentioned by is the
Basilica Neputini
. Dio 53.27.1.

129
. Hor.,
Epistulae
1.6.26; Mart., 2.14.6, 3.20.11, 111.1.10–12. Some scholars believe the basilica and the portico were actually the same building, but the fourth century CE
Curiosum
(but not the
Notitia
) for
Regio IX Circus Flaminius
mentions both a
basilicam Neptuni
and a
porticum Argonautarum et Meleagri
. See Reinhold (1933), p. 75 n. 61;
TDAR
, pp. 54, 311 and 315. See Rodaz (1984), map of the Campus on pp. 254–255.

130
. Dio 53.27.1: ‘
τοῦτο δὲ τὸ πυριατήριον τὸ Λακωνικὸν κατεσκεύασε: Λακωνικὸν γὰρ τὸ γυμνάσιον, ἐπειδήπερ οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι γυμνοῦσθαί τε ἐν τῷ τότε χρόνῳ καὶ λίπα ἀσκεῖν μάλιστα
.’ According to Vitruvius 5.2, in Roman architecture,
sudatorium
indicates a vaulted sweating-room (from the Latin
sudor
, sweat) of a bathhouse or
thermae
.

131
. Paoli (1963), pp. 221–228.

132
. Dio 54.11.7; cf. Frontin., 1.10.1–4.

133
. Frontin., 1.10.1–4: ‘
Virgo appellata est, quod quaerentibus aquam militibus puella virguncula venas quasdam monstravit, quas secuti qui foderant, ingentem aquae modum invenerunt
.’ Cf. Pliny
Nat. Hist
. 31.42 and Cassiodorus,
Variae
7.6.

134
. Frontin., 10.5; Pliny,
Nat. Hist
. 31.420.

135
. Dio 54.11.7; cf. Frontin., 124.4 where he writes ‘most of the conduits had been laid out through the property of private persons’).

136
. Dio 53.27.3: ‘
ἠβουλήθη μὲν οὖν ὁ Ἀγρίππας καὶ τὸν Αὔγουστον ἐνταῦθα ἱδρῦσαι, τήν τε τοῦ ἔργου ἐπίκλησιν αὐτῷ δοῦναι: … ἐν δὲ τῷ προνάῳ τοῦ τε Αὐγούστου καὶ ἑαυτοῦ ἀνδριάντας
’.

137
. Suidas P. 187. Edmund Thomas, ‘From the pantheon of the gods to the Pantheon of Rome’ in Richard Wrigley, Matthew Craske (eds)
Pantheons: Transformations of a Monumental Idea
, Aldershot (2004), pp. 14–15. Refuting that the Pantheon is a temple at all are Paul Godfrey and David Hemsoll, ‘The Pantheon: Temple or Rotunda?’ in Martin Henig and Anthony Kings (eds)
Pagan Gods and Shrines of the Roman Empire
(Oxford, 1986), pp. 195–209.

138
. Dio 53.27.2: ‘
τό τε Πάνθειον ὠνομασμένον ἐξετέλεσε: προσαγορεύεται δὲ οὕτω τάχα μὲν ὅτι πολλῶν θεῶν εἰκόνας ἐν τοῖς ἀγάλμασι, τῷ τε τοῦ Ἄρεως καὶ τῷ τῆς Ἀφροδίτης, ἔλαβεν, ὡς δὲ ἐγὼ νομίζω, ὅτι θολοειδὲς ὂν τῷ οὐρανῷ προσέοικεν ’; 53.27.3: ‘μὴ δεξαμένου δὲ αὐτοῦ μηδέτερον ἐκεῖ μὲν τοῦ προτέρου Καίσαρος
’. The significance of the choice of deities is that Caesar claimed descent from Mars and Venus, and Augustus was son of the divine Iulius.

139
. Dio 51.20.6–8. For discussion of see Taylor (1920), pp. 116–133.

140
. Dio 51.20.6–7.

141
. Dio 53.27.3, 54.1.1.

142
. Dio 66.24.3; Chron. 146; Hieron.
a. Abr
. 2105, 2127; Orosius 7.12.5; S.H.A.
Hadr
. 19.10,
Ant. Pius
8.2;
CIL
VI.896 =
ILS
129.

143
. Rodolfo Amedeo Lanciani,
The Ruins and Excavations of Ancient Rome: A Companion Book for Students and Travelers
(Cambridge, 1897), pp. 473–486.

144
. Rodolfo Amedeo Lanciani,
The Ruins and Excavations of Ancient Rome: A Companion Book for Students and Travelers
(Cambridge, 1897), pp. 480–481;
TDAR
p. 285. In this interpretation, the north facing front columns of Hadrian’s Pantheon were built over the back wall of Agrippa’s, while the position of the doorways of the two buildings nearly coincides.

145
. Thomas (1997), pp. 163–186 and Edmund Thomas, ‘From the pantheon of the gods to the Pantheon of Rome’ in Richard Wrigley and Matthew Craske (eds),
Pantheons: Transformations of a Monumental Idea
(Aldershot, 2004), pp. 27–28.

146
. Edmund Thomas, ‘From the pantheon of the gods to the Pantheon of Rome’ in Richard Wrigley, Matthew Craske (eds),
Pantheons: Transformations of a Monumental Idea
(Aldershot, 2004), p. 28.

147
. MacDonald (1976), pp. 45–49, and figures 49 and 50; p. 68 and figures 77 and 78.

148
. Scaife (1953), p. 37. The capitals of the columns are exactly like those of the interior (RA 122), though the
entasis
of the columns differs (
Mem. Am. Acad
. 4.122, 142) suggesting that these are contemporary with Hadrian and were not carved in Agrippa’s time.

149
. Pliny,
Nat. Hist
. 36.38: ‘
Agrippae Pantheum decoravit Diogenes Atheniensis; in columnis templi eius Caryatides probantur inter pauca operum, sicut in fastigio posita signa, sed propter altitudinem loci minus celebrate
.’

150
. MacDonald (1976), p. 60.

151
. Vitruvius,
De Architectura
1.1.5: ‘
Historias autem plures novisse oportet, quod multa ornamenta saepe in operibus architecti designant, de quibus argumenti rationem, cur fecerint, quaerentibus reddere debent. quemadmodum si quis statuas marmoreas muliebres stolatas, quae caryatides dicuntur, pro columnis in opere statuerit et insuper mutulos et coronas conlocaverit, percontantibus ita reddet rationem. Carya, civitas Peloponnensis, cum Persis hostibus contra Graeciam consensit. postea Graeci per victoriam gloriose bello liberati communi consilio Caryatibus bellum indixerunt. itaque oppido capto, viris interfectis, civitate deflagrata matronas eorum in servitutem abduxerunt, nec sunt passi stolas neque ornatus matronales deponere, non uti una triumpho ducerentur, sed aeterna, servitutis exemplo gravi contumelia pressae poenas pendere viderentur pro civitate. ideo qui tunc architecti fuerunt aedificiis publicis designaverunt earum imagines oneri ferendo conlocatas, ut etiam posteris nota poena peccati Caryatium memoriae traderetur
.’

152
. Stevens and Paton (1927).

153
. MacDonald (1976), pp. 45–49, and figures 49 and 50; p. 68 and figures 77 and 78.

154
.
http://www.nps.gov/thje/index.htm
.

155
.
CIL
VI.896 =
ILS
129.1: ‘
M
(
arcus
)
Agrippa L
(
ucii
)
F
(
ilius
)
Co
(
n
)
s
(
ul
)
tertium fecit
’ [in 27 BCE].

156
. MacDonald (1976), p. 13.

157
. HSA,
Hadrian
19.9.

158
. Ziolkowski (1994), pp. 261.

159
. Ziolkowski (1994), pp. 269–71.

160
. MacDonald (1976), p. 77–78; Ziolkowski (1994), p. 268.
Inscriptiones Italiae
13 2: 34–5: ‘
F
(
eriae
)
ex S
(
enatus
)
C
(
onsulto
)
q
(
uod
)
e
(
o
)
d
(
ie
)
Imp
(
erator C
)
aesar Aug
(
ustus
)
Pont
(
ifex
) [
ma
(
ximus
)]
natus est. Marti, Neptuno in Campo, Apo
[
l
]
lini ad theatrum Marcelli
.’

161
. Ziolkowski (1994), p. 273.

162
. Ziolkowski (1994), p. 274.

163
. Ziolkowski (1994), p. 275.

164
. Ziolkowski (1994), p. 276.

165
. Pliny,
Nat. Hist
. 36.38; Dio 53.27.2.

166
. Dio 54.28.5. Suet.,
Div. Aug
. 97.1 mentions the
aedes Agrippae
. HJ 572; Mitt. (1903), pp. 48–53. For the Marble Plan of Rome (the so-called
Forma Urbs Romae
) see
http://formaurbis.stanford.edu
. Samuel Ball Platner, Thomas Ashby,
TDAR
identify fragments 72 and 103 as the
Sepulchrum Agrippae
.

167
. A plinth of a column of pavonazetto, documented as
CIL
XV.988 but which is now lost, was carved with the letters [M AGR]IPPAE.

168
. Dio 53.27.4: ‘
καὶ ἐγίγνετο γὰρ ταῦτα οὐκ ἐξ ἀντιπάλου τῷ Ἀγρίππᾳ πρὸς τὸν Αὔγουστον φιλοτιμίας, ἀλλ᾽ ἔκ τε τῆς πρὸς ἐκεῖνον λιπαροῦς εὐνοίας καὶ ἐκ τῆς πρὸς τὸ δημόσιον ἐνδελεχοῦς σπουδῆς, οὐ μόνον οὐδὲν αὐτὸν ἐπ᾽ αὐτοῖς ὁ Αὔγουστος ᾐτιάσατο, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐπὶ πλεῖον ἐτίμησε
.’

169
. Vell. Pat. 2.88.2: ‘
Erat tunc urbis custodiis praepositus C. Maecenas equestri, sed splendido genere natus, vir, ubi res vigiliam exigeret, sane exsomnis, providens atque agendi sciens, simul vero aliquid ex negotio remitti posset, otio ac mollitiis paene ultra feminam fluens, non minus Agrippa Caesari carus, sed minus honoratus – quippe vixit angusti clavi paene contentus –, nec minora consequi potuit, sed non tam concupivit
.’

170
. Tac.,
Ann
. 14.53. Dalzell (1956), pp. 151–162.

171
. Suet.,
Viri Illusturi
44: ‘
M. Vipsanius a Maecenate eum suppositum appellabat, novae cacozeliae repertorem, non tumidae nec exilis, sed ex communibus verbis, atque ideo latentis
.’

172
. Pliny,
Nat. Hist
. 35.26.

173
. Strab., 3.4.5; Dio 53.25.5; Florus 2.33. For a summary of the wars before Augustus, see Van Nostrand (1915), pp. 84–91.

174
. Suet.,
Tib
. 9.1.

175
. Florus 2.33: ‘
Haec per Antistium Furniumque legatos et Agrippam hibernans in Tarraconis maritimis Caesar accepit
.’ On the inclusion of Agrippa, see Magie (1920), p. 335. Gardthausen (2.374–375) and Motte (245) who propose that Florus compressed different three campaigns into a single statement.

176
. Dio 53.25.6.

177
. Dio 53.25.7.

178
. Dio 53.27.3, 53.28.1.

179
. Suet.,
Div. Aug
. 63.

180
. Dio 53.27.5.

181
. Dio 53.25.7, 53.29.1.

182
. Dio 53.28.1.

183
. Dio 53.27.5.

184
. Dio 53.27.6: ‘
τὸν δὲ Ἀγρίππαν σύνοικον ἐποιήσατο
.’

185
. Vell. Pat. 2.93.1.

186
. Dio 53.28.3.

187
. Dio 53.28.3; Vell. Pat. 2.93.1.

188
. Tac.,
Ann
. 1.3: ‘
admodum adulescentem
.’

189
. Vell. Pat. 2.93.2: ‘
M. Marcellus, sororis Augusti Octaviae filius, quem homines ita, si quid accidisset Caesari, successorem potentiae eius arbitrabantur futurum, ut tamen id per M. Agrippam securo ei posse contingere non existimarent
.’

190
. Augustus also insisted that his stepsons by Livia, Tiberius and Drusus the Elder, undertook military service before advancing far up the
cursus honorum
.

191
. Dio 53.31.4: ‘
καὶ ἐγίγνετο γὰρ ταῦτα οὐκ ἐξ ἀντιπάλου τῷ Ἀγρίππᾳ πρὸς τὸν Αὔγουστον φιλοτιμίας, ἀλλ᾽ ἔκ τε τῆς πρὸς ἐκεῖνον λιπαροῦς εὐνοίας καὶ ἐκ τῆς πρὸς τὸ δημόσιον ἐνδελεχοῦς σπουδῆς, οὐ μόνον οὐδὲν αὐτὸν ἐπ᾽ αὐτοῖς ὁ Αὔγουστος ᾐτιάσατο, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐπὶ πλεῖον ἐτίμησε
.’

Chapter 6: Statesman of the Roman World

1
. Dio 53.30.1.

2
. Dio 53.30.2.

3
. Dio 53.30.1: ‘
καὶ τῶν ἱππέων ἀθροίσας διάδοχον μὲν οὐδένα ἀπέδειξε
.’

4
. Dio 53.30.3.

5
. Dio 53.31.1.

6
. See Syme (1959), p. 69; Reinhard (1933), pp. 98–99 and 168–69. See also Gray (1970), pp. 227–238.

7
. See Gray (1970), p. 231, argues he received
imperium aequium
, ‘equal to that of any governor or commander in any of the provinces to which he might be summoned by the state, not an
imperium maius
with respect to the imperium of all such governors or commanders.’

8
. Vell. Pat. 2.93.2: ‘
Agrippa … ut fama loquitur, ob tacitas cum Marcello offensiones praesenti se subduxerat tempori
.’

9
. Suet.,
Div. Aug
. 66.3: ‘
M. Agrippae patientiam … cum ille ex levi frigoris suspicione et quod Marcellus sibi anteferretur, Mytilenas se relictis omnibus contulisset
.’

10
. Suet.,
Tib
. 10.1: ‘
Quidam existimant, adultis iam Augusti liberis, loco et quasi possessione usurpati a se diu secundi gradus sponte cessisse exemplo M. Agrippae, qui M. Marcello ad munera publica admoto Mytilenas abierit, ne aut obstare aut obtrectare praesens uideretur
’ – Tiberius used Agrippa’s withdrawal as the justification of his own retirement to Rhodes when he perceived C. Caesar’s career advancing ahead of his own.