Marketplace of the Marvelous (46 page)

45.
Paul Collins,
The Trouble with Tom: The Strange Afterlife and Times of Thomas Paine
(New York: Bloomsbury, 2009), 97.

46.
Colbert,
Measure of Perfection
, 21.

47.
Ibid., 41–42.

48.
O. S. Fowler and L. N. Fowler,
The Illustrated Self-Instructor in Phrenology and Physiology
(New York: Fowler and Wells, 1857), 128–29.

49.
Tom Quirk,
Mark Twain and Human Nature
, 2nd ed. (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2011), 26.

50.
William James,
Principles of Psychology
(1890; repr. ed. New York: Dover, 1950), 1:28.

51.
Colbert,
Measure of Perfection
, 21–22.

52.
Stern,
Heads and Headlines
, 38.

53.
“Phrenology in the Montreal Post-Office—A Curious Story,”
New York Times
, December 15, 1867, ProQuest Historical Newspapers:
New York Times
(1851–2007), accessed January 10, 2012.

54.
“Modes of Wearing the Hair,”
Godey's Lady's Book
, May 1855, American Periodicals, accessed January 10, 2012.

55.
Stern,
Heads and Headlines
, 42–46; Lorenzo Fowler,
Marriage: Its History and Ceremonies
(New York: Fowler and Wells, 1847), 11–14, 128–53, 196, 216–18; O. S. Fowler,
Matrimony; or, Phrenology and Physiology Applied to the Selection of Companions for Life
(Philadelphia, 1841), 17, 24, 30.

56.
“Use of Phrenology,”
Godey's Lady's Book
, January 1833, American Periodicals, accessed January 10, 2012.

57.
Paul,
Cult of Personality Testing
, 9.

58.
Stern,
Heads and Headlines
, 19–20.

59.
Nelson Sizer, “Character Studies: No. 10,”
Phrenological Journal and Science of Health
(July 1894): 23.

60.
Stern,
Heads and Headlines
, 133.

61.
Charles Dickens' Complete Works: The Adventures of Oliver Twist; American Notes; The Uncommercial Traveler
(Boston: Estes and Lauriat, 1881), 149; Thurs, Science Talk, 22.

62.
“Appearance of President Johnson—Who Visit Him—What Men He Appoints to Office,”
New York Times
, May 21, 1866, ProQuest Historical Newspapers:
New York Times
.

63.
“A.D. 3000,”
Harper's New Monthly Magazine
7 (January 1856): 151–52.

64.
Herman Melville,
Moby Dick; or, The White Whale
(St. Botolph Society, 1892), 330, 52

65.
Whitman reading quoted in Stern,
Heads and Headlines
, 102–4.

66.
Arthur Wrobel, “Whitman and the Phrenologists: The Divine Body and the Sensuous Soul,”
PMLA
(Modern Language Association) 89 (January 1974): 20–22; Nathaniel Mackey, “Phrenological Whitman,”
Conjunctions
29 (Fall 1997),
http://www.conjunctions.com/archives/c29-nm.htm;
Harold Aspiz, “Science and Pseudoscience,” in
A Companion to Walt Whitman
, ed. Donald D. Kummings (Malden, MA: John Wiley, 2009), 227–28.

67.
Perry Meisel,
The Myth of Popular Culture: From Dante to Dylan
(Malden, MA: John Wiley, 2009), 3.

68.
Alan Gribben, “Mark Twain, Phrenology and the ‘Temperaments': A Study of Pseudoscientific Influence,”
American Quarterly
24, no. 1 (March 1972): 55.

69.
Wrobel,
Pseudoscience and Society
, 15; Minna Morse, “Facing a Bumpy History,”
Smithsonian
(October 1997),
http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/object_oct97.html
.

70.
P. Flourens,
Phrenology Examined
, Charles de Lucena Meigs, trans. (Philadelphia: Hogan and Thompson, 1846), 102; Finger,
Minds Behind the Brain
, 132–34.

71.
Oliver Wendell Holmes,
The Professor at the Breakfast-Table
(Boston: Ticknor and Fields, 1868), 251.

72.
Finger,
Minds Behind the Brain
, 129–32.

73.
Stern,
Heads and Headlines
, 84.

74.
Thurs,
Science Talk
, 33–36.

75.
Greenblatt, “Phrenology,” 790.

76.
“David Ferrier,” in
Mind Matters: Neuroscience and Psychiatry
, online exhibition, King's College London
http://kingscollections.org/exhibitions/specialcollections/mind-matters/the-origins-of-modern-neuroscience/david-ferrier;
Finger,
Origins of Neuroscience
, 53–55.

77.
P. Thompson, T. D. Cannon, and A. W. Toga, “Mapping Genetic Influences on Human Brain Structure,”
Annals of Medicine
34 (2002): 523–26; Fenster,
Mavericks, Miracles and Medicine
, 189; Simpson, “Phrenology and the Neurosciences,” 480–81; Finger,
Minds Behind the Brain
, 133–36.

78.
Davi Johnson Thornton,
Brain Culture: Neuroscience and Popular Media
(New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2011), 2–4.

79.
Stern,
Heads and Headlines
, 125–28, 178–79, 244.

80.
“Statistics from the Water-Cure Establishments,”
Water-Cure Journal
(October 1851): 90–91; Young, “Orson Squire Fowler,” 123.

1.
T. L. Nichols, “Childbirth Without Pain or Danger,”
The Herald of Health: Papers on Sanitary and Social Science
(London: Nichols & Co., 1881), 145; Silver-Isenstadt,
Shameless
, 130–33.

2.
Silver-Isenstadt,
Shameless
, 74–75; Phinney,
Water Cure
, 72–73.

3.
Cayleff,
Wash and Be Healed
, 20–21.

4.
Ibid., 21, 186.

5.
Legan, “Hydropathy,” 74–76; Cayleff,
Wash and Be Healed
, 21.

6.
Whorton,
Nature Cures
, 81; Cayleff,
Wash and Be Healed
, 22.

7.
Whorton,
Nature Cures
, 81; Cayleff,
Wash and Be Healed
, 23.

8.
Silver-Isenstadt,
Shameless
, 67.

9.
Cayleff,
Wash and Be Healed
, 18–19.

10.
Whorton,
Nature Cures
, 78.

11.
Cayleff,
Wash and Be Healed
, 19–20.

12.
“Practical Medicine: John Wesley, Methodism, Medicine,” History of Medicine Collection, Southwestern University Library,
http://www.southwestern.edu/library/Early-Medical-Texts/index.htm
.

13.
Benjamin Rush,
Directions for the Use of the Mineral Water and Cold Baths, at Harrogate, Near Philadelphia
(Philadelphia: Melchior Steiner, 1786).

14.
Trall,
Hydropathic Encyclopedia
, 4.

15.
Francis Graeter, “Treatment of Single Diseases: Weak Digestion, Debility of The Stomach,” in
Hydriatics; or Manual of the Water Cure, Especially as Practiced by Vincent Priessnitz in Grafenberg
, 3rd ed., ed. and trans. Francis Graeter (New York: William Radde, 1843), 105–6.

16.
Legan, “Hydropathy,” 86–87; Whorton,
Nature Cures
, 80–81.

17.
Legan, “Hydropathy,” 86–87.

18.
Silver-Isenstadt,
Shameless
, 66; Cayleff,
Wash and Be Healed
, 22; Judith Ann Giesberg,
Civil War Sisterhood: The US Sanitary Commission and Women's Politics in Transition
(Lebanon, NH: University Press of New England, 2000), 181.

19.
Whorton,
Nature Cures
, 81; Marland and Adams, “Hydropathy at Home,” 499–529.

20.
Cayleff,
Wash and Be Healed
, 23.

21.
Ibid., 19.

22.
Whorton,
Nature Cures
, 82.

23.
Cayleff,
Wash and Be Healed
, 20, 24; Legan, “Hydropathy,” 80.

24.
Trall,
Hydropathic Encyclopedia
, 277, 50, 446.

25.
R. T. Trall,
The New Hydropathic Cook-Book; with Recipes for Cooking on Hygienic Principles
(New York: Fowlers and Wells, 1854).

26.
Cayleff,
Wash and Be Healed
, 25; Legan, “Hydropathy,” 81.

27.
Whorton,
Nature Cures
, 83.

28.
Legan, “Hydropathy,” 82.

29.
Ibid., 83.

30.
“Phrenological Hydropathy,”
Boston Medical and Surgical Journal
34 (July 15, 1846): 485–86.

31.
Cayleff,
Wash and Be Healed
, 15–16, 18.

32.
Frontispiece opposite index,
Water-Cure Journal
31 (1861).

33.
Cayleff,
Wash and Be Healed
, 136, 109–12.

34.
Mary Gove Nichols,
Mary Lyndon, or Revelations of a Life: An Autobiography
(New York: Stringer and Townsend, 1855), 146; Blake, “Mary Gove Nichols,” 220–23; Jean Silver-Isenstadt, “Mary S. Gove Nichols: Making the Personal Political,” in
Ordinary Women, Extraordinary Lives: Women in American History
, ed. Kriste Lindenmeyer (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2000), 77–79.

35.
Thomas L. Nichols,
Nichols' Health Manual
(London: Allen, 1887), 29.

36.
Blake, “Mary Gove Nichols,” 223; Silver-Isenstadt,
Shameless
, 1.

37.
Phinney,
Water Cure
, 72.

38.
“Elmira Water Cure,”
Chemung County Historical Journal
11 (December 1966): 1539.

39.
Cayleff,
Wash and Be Healed
, 76–78.

40.
Ibid., 83.

41.
Mark Twain, “Medicine: Gurgle, Gargle, Guggle,”
British Medical Journal
(July 8, 1857).

42.
Phinney,
Water Cure
, 72.

43.
Ibid., 73–75.

44.
Lebergott, “Wage Trends,” 462, 464.

45.
Thomas Low Nichols,
An Introduction to the Water Cure
(New York: Fowlers and Wells, 1850), 16.

46.
Legan, “Hydropathy,” 83–84; Trall,
Hydropathic Encyclopedia
, 41.

47.
Legan, “Hydropathy,” 84–85.

48.
Whorton,
Nature Cures
, 98–100.

49.
Barbara Anne White,
The Beecher Sisters
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2003), 77–78.

50.
Whorton,
Nature Cures
, 77; Catharine Beecher,
Letters to the People on Health and Happiness
(New York: Harper, 1856), 117–18, 135–50; Catharine E. Beecher, “Hydropathy,”
New York Observer and Chronicle
, October 24, 1846.

51.
Phinney,
Water Cure
, 103–4.

52.
Mary Gove Nichols,
A Woman's Work in Water Cure and Sanitary Education
(London: Nichols & Co., 1874), 20, 26.

53.
Silver-Isenstadt,
Shameless
, 75.

54.
Ibid., 76–80, 86–87; Edgar Allan Poe, “The Literati of New York City,”
Godey's Magazine and Lady's Book
, July 1846, 16; Blake, “Mary Gove Nichols,” 226.

55.
Blake, “Mary Gove Nichols,” 222.

56.
Cayleff,
Wash and Be Healed
, 86–87, 90.

57.
Marland and Adams, “Hydropathy at Home.”

58.
Mary Gove Nichols,
Experience in Water Cure
(New York: Fowler and Wells, 1849), 18.

59.
Cayleff,
Wash and Be Healed
, 44–45; Marland and Adams, “Hydropathy at Home.”

60.
Cayleff, “Gender, Ideology, and the Water-Cure Movement,” 87, 94.

61.
Cayleff,
Wash and Be Healed
, 35.

62.
Silver-Isenstadt,
Shameless
, 135–36, 154–55; Ronald G. Walters,
American Reformers, 1815–1860
(New York: Hill and Wang, 1978), 156–57.

63.
“Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell,”
Changing the Face of Medicine
, National Library of Medicine,
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/changingthefaceofmedicine/physicians/biography_35.html
.

64.
Cayleff, “Gender, Ideology, and the Water-Cure Movement,” 90.

65.
Thomas Low Nichols, “American Hydropathic Institute,”
Water-Cure Journal
11, no. 4 (April 1851): 91.

66.
Cayleff,
Wash and Be Healed
, 70.

67.
Edward Johnson,
The Hydropathic Treatment of Diseases Peculiar to Women; and of Women in Childbed; with Some Observations on the Management of Infants
(London: Simpkin, Marshall, and Co., 1850), 125.

68.
Cayleff, “Gender, Ideology, and the Water-Cure Movement,” 85–87.

69.
Ibid., 91.

70.
Ibid., 2; Gleason quoted in ibid., 77.

71.
J. R. LeMaster and James D. Vilson,
The Routledge Encyclopedia of Mark Twain
(New York: Routledge, 2012), 322.

72.
Joan D. Hedrick,
Harriet Beecher Stowe: A Life
(London: Oxford University Press, 1995), 176–81.

73.
Legan, “Hydropathy,” 86.

74.
Whorton,
Nature Cures
, 79–80.

75.
Ibid., 80.

76.
“Hyponatremia,”
A.D.A.M. Medical Encyclopedia
(Bethesda, MD: US National Library of Medicine, 2011).

77.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau, “Book Six,” in
The Confessions
(London: Wordsworth, 1996), 220; Whorton,
Nature Cures
, 100–101.