Marlborough (98 page)

Maffei, Annibale, Count, 274, 347

Maggot, Dr, Dean of Winchester, 139

Maintenon, Françoise d’Aubigné, marquise de, 356, 417

Mainz, Lothar Franz von Schönborn, Elector-Archbishop of, 262

Maitland, Major James, 158

Malplaquet, battle of (1709):

Macartney at, 416

site and landscape, 422

deployment and engagement, 423–32, 479

casualties, 433–4, 441, 480

results and effects, 434–6, 438, 441

Allied guns at, 478

Manchester, Charles Montagu, 4th Earl of, 140

Manley, Mary de la Riviere, 87

The New Atlantis
, 83, 436–7

Mar, John Erskine, 6th or 11th Earl of, 153, 471, 474

Marchiennes, 457

Marlborough House, Pall Mall, 408

Marlborough, Charles Spencer, 3rd Duke of, 476

Marlborough, George Spencer-Churchill, 5th Duke of, 476

Marlborough, James Ley, 3rd Earl of, 42

MARLBOROUGH, JOHN CHURCHILL, 1ST DUKE OF:

reputation and achievements, 1–3, 6

character and personality, 2–4, 9–11, 101, 254, 482

nicknamed ‘Corporal John’, 2–3, 478

avarice, 3, 10, 159, 438–81

love for wife, 4, 7–8, 85–6

correspondence and friendship with Godolphin, 6, 101, 175, 208, 224, 253

as Garter Knight, 11

portraits, 12

historical background, 14–16

finds Delamere not guilty, 18

on Master of Sinclair’s duel, 21

and army commissions and careers, 30, 55, 446–8

and political parties, 34, 36, 298–9, 328, 413, 482

birth and background, 39, 42–4

and nature of monarchy, 45

military reading, 46–7

schooling, 46

granted commission as ensign, 48, 55

and sister Arabella’s affair with James II, 48

serves James II (Duke of York), 57–8, 70, 92

early military service, 58–9

relations and child with Barbara Villiers, 58–9, 61, 63–5, 86

in Tangier, 59–60

duel with Herbert, 61

money gift from Barbara Villiers, 64, 88

out of favour with Charles II, 69–70

promoted captain in Lord Admiral’s Regiment, 69–70

at Maastricht, 70–1, 74–5

and siege warfare, 70–1, 74

returns to royal favour after Maastricht, 77

promoted Lieutenant-Colonel of Duke of York’s Regiment, 79

campaigns under Turenne, 80–2

colonelcy, 82

courtship and marriage, 83–8

marriage relations, 85–6, 329, 481–2

as senior liaison officer, 89

and James Duke of York’s exile in Low Countries, 92–3

missions to Louis XIV, 92, 109

and James Duke of York in Scotland, 93–4

children, 96, 102, 159

and James II’s fall, 96

escapes from sinking
Gloucester
, 97–8

granted Scottish barony as Churchill of Aymouth, 99

commands Second Troop of Life Guards, 100

in Holywell House, 100

commands Dragoons Regiment, 101–2

accompanies Prince George from Denmark to England, 107

correspondence with Sarah, 108, 223, 236, 252, 280–1, 297

religious convictions, 109, 138–9

English barony, 110

as governor of Hudson’s Bay Company, 110, 135

opposes Monmouth rebellion, 110–11, 113–18

promoted Major General, 119

in battle of Segemoor, 124–5, 127–8

rewarded after Sedgemoor, 126

conspires against James II, 136, 138, 140, 142, 144

and birth of Prince James Francis Edward Stuart, 137

and William’s invasion of England, 138, 149–50

sits on court
martial of army religious dissidents, 140

promoted Lieutenant General, 149

maintains relations with James II, 150

abandons James II, 151–4

maintains links with Jacobites, 153, 165–6, 184, 191, 392, 467–8, 471, 474

and accession of William and Mary, 156–7

earldom, 157

tensions with William, 157

remodels army under William, 158–9

commands forces in Low Countries (1689), 159–61

colonelcy of Royal Fusiliers, 162

in council of nine during William’s absence in Ireland, 168

campaign in Ireland, 169–71

resents lack of reward after Irish campaign, 171–2

resentment at William’s favouring foreign officers, 172, 174–5

given command in Low Countries (1691), 173

Vaudemont praises, 174

William dismisses from appointments and court, 175–6

imprisoned in Tower for conspiracy, 178–80

released from bail, 181

accused of betraying 1694 Brest attack (‘Camaret Bay letter’), 183–5

reconciled with William, 186

denies complicity in Jacobite plot, 187–8

appointed governor of Duke of Gloucester and restored to rank and Privy Council, 190

and succession to Anne, 192, 327

negotiates 1701 Treaty of Grand Alliance in The Hague, 193

and Anne’s accession, 194

as ambassador to United Provinces, 195–6

appointed to command in Low Countries (1701–2), 195

awarded Garter, 195

wears insignia, 196

responsibilities and powers as coalition commander for Grand Alliance, 200–4, 206–8, 210, 446, 448

views on weapons and arms, 205–6

and campaign in Spain, 209–10, 350, 357

campaign in Low Countries, 210, 225–9

relations with Cadogan, 211–12

order of battle, 213

military strength, 216

letters written by secretaries and clerks, 218–19

Farewell allows to pass, 231

Anne awards dukedom and pension, 232–3

and death of son John (Blandford), 235–6

marriage breakdown (1704), 237, 256–8

supports Occasional Conformity Bill, 239

commands in 1703 campaign, 240–1

on need for more men by Dutch and British, 240

in attempt on Antwerp and Lines of Brabant (1703), 242–8

battlefield tactics, 242

differences with Slangenburg, 243, 320, 323–6

on Prince Louis William of Baden, 251

on campaign of 1704, 253–4

favours advance to Danube, 255–6

colonelcy of 1st Foot Guards, 256

disapproves of Sarah’s Whiggery, 257, 328

Sarah accuses of adultery, 257

will, 257, 440

march to Danube (1704), 258, 261–2, 264–5

appearance, 266

care for sick and wounded, 266, 306–7

relations with Eugène of Savoy, 266–7, 387

soft-heartedness, 266–7, 480

attacks Donauwörth (the Schellenberg), 272–4, 275–6

in Bavaria with Eugène, 279–80, 283

Leopold offers principality to, 280, 302–3

Blenheim tactics and victory, 283–4, 286–7, 289, 291, 293–7

infantry tactics, 284–5

returns to England after Blenheim, 299

and building of Blenheim Palace, 300–2, 351–2, 412, 472–3

in campaign of 1705, 305, 308–10, 313–14

joins Eugène at Speyerbach, 305

introduces pensions scheme for officers’ widows, 307

headaches (migraine), 308–9, 328, 349, 357, 451, 460, 481

takes and demolishes Lines of Brabant, 313–15, 323

nearly killed, 315

independence in decision-making, 317–18, 323

and French negotiations in The Hague (1705), 318–20

attempts to cross Dyle, 320–1

frustrated by Dutch, 321–2

dispenses favours and interests, 326–7

advisory role in government, 327, 330, 364

requests retirement
(1705), 327–8

stomach trouble and gout, 328

arranges loan for Joseph I, 329

in campaign of 1706, 330

attacks Villeroi (1706), 332–3

deployment and victory at Ramillies, 332–3, 335–7, 339, 342–3, 346

escapes death at Ramillies, 342–4

in pursuit after Ramillies, 347

at Oudenarde, 348, 372–3, 377, 386–7, 389

casualties at Ramillies, 348

advance in Brabant, 349

and Anne’s all-party government, 351, 353

and appointment of successor to Peter Mews, 355

visits Charles XII, 357–8

opposes Vendôme, 361–2

urges Anne to dismiss Harley, 363–4

opposes appointment of Somers to Cabinet, 364

responsibility for prisoners of war, 366–7

embarks force against Jacobite expedition to Scotland (1708), 369

prepares for 1708 campaign in Flanders, 370

in Spanish Netherlands campaign (1708), 371–4

depression over loss of Ghent and Bruges, 372, 375–7

and French strategy in Flanders, 393–4

and siege of Lille, 394–9, 401–2

plans for battle against French before Lille, 395–6

offers generous terms at fall of Lille, 403–4

rebukes Stair for disorderly conduct of troops, 403

takes Ghent, 404–5

strain and overwork, 407–8

as delegate in 1709 peace negotiations, 410, 420–1

requests appointment as captain general for life, 413, 415, 436–7

commands in campaign of 1709, 415–18

supports Macartney after conviction for rape, 415–16

Tory hostility to, 415

and battle of Malplaquet (1709), 423–5, 429–30

concern over Malplaquet casualties, 434

and peace negotiations (1710), 435

commands in campaign of 1710, 436, 446, 450–1

political opposition to, 436, 442–3, 445, 457–8

defamed in Mrs Manley’s
New Atlantis
, 437

supports Sarah against Anne, 437

justifies perquisites and rewards, 438–9

financial astuteness, 440–1

support for Godolphin on dismissal, 444

learns of Sarah’s difficult relations with Anne, 449–50

meets Anne on return (1710), 449

ill-health, 451

returns to France, March 1711, 451

suspicion of mail interception, 451

relations with Prince of Anhalt, 453

acts against Villars (1711), 455

takes Bouchain, 457

investigated by commissioners of public accounts and condemned, 460–1, 463

and peace terms of Treaty of Utrecht, 460, 462

dismissal and retirement, 461–2

reputation attacked, 463

travels to continent (1712–13), 463–6

as Godolphin’s pall bearer, 464

in Hanover to support Elector’s succession to British throne, 467–9

and death of daughter Elizabeth, 468, 471

returns home from continent (1714), 469–70

George I reinstates as captain general, 470

suffers strokes, 471–2

amusements in declining years, 473

and daughters’ differences with Sarah, 474

death and burial in Westminster Abbey, 474–6

heirs and successors, 476

reinterred at Blenheim Palace, 477

military accomplishments and practice, 478–80

popularity with soldiers, 480–1

supposed infidelities, 481

Marlborough, Sarah, Duchess of (
née
Jennings):

and Blenheim Palace project, 4, 300–1, 321, 351, 472–3, 477

Marlborough’s love for, 4, 7–8

close relations with Queen Anne, 7, 103–7, 110, 141, 165, 176–7, 181, 190, 237

Maynwaring’s relations with, 7, 354

as keeper of privy purse, 13, 450

portrait, 13