Masters of the Planet (46 page)

East Turkana,
76

EKP,
See
Enkapune Ya Muto

El Sidrón (Spain),
172–6,
183–4,
249

empathy,
113–4,
124,
158,
175,
222

endocasts,
101–2,
137,
223,
245

endurance hunting,
108–10

See
hunting

energy/energetics,
15–6,
21,
34,
47,
98–9,
106–11,
116,
165,
212,
221

English language,
215–16

English Piltdown “fossil” (1912),
4

engravings,
xxii

Enkapune Ya Muto (EKP),
203–5

enzymes,
46

erosion,
1,
28,
181,
230,
255

Ethiopia,
1–2,
9,
21–2,
26–7,
35,
37,
39,
41–4,
73–5,
77,
103,
130,
135–7,
167,
186,
236,
238

Eurasia,
3,
119,
122–4,
146–8,
166,
193,
205,
246,
253

Europeans, first,
151–4

evolution, and radical change,
xi,
xv,
41,
94–104,
185–6,
207–11,
221–5

See
adaptation; ancestry; “exaptations”; natural selection

Evolutionary Synthesis,
86–8,
94–5,
97,
130,
242

“exaptations,”
44,
68,
210

“executive” brain functions,
223

extinction,
2,
6,
81–2,
89,
145,
148,
154–5,
159,
164,
185,
194,
197–8,
207

femur,
21,
26,
29,
36,
39

fingers,
8–11,
22,
30,
36,
43–4,
166

Finland,
160

fire,
xxi,
46,
111–3,
138,
142,
153,
170–1,
202,
214–5,
244

See
cooking

fishing,
108

“fishing” for termites,
51

flies,
96

floods,
230

“flowstones,”
156

Fongoli, Senegal,
50–1,
57,
240

Font de Gaume (cave) (France),
xiii

footprints,
33–5,
94,
238,
242

forests,
2,
6–10,
14–5,
17,
19,
23,
26,
31–2,
34,
45,
47–52,
54,
57–8,
61–2,
70,
73,
77,
94,
105–6,
114,
122,
147

fossil record,
x-xi,
2–3,
20–1,
25–6,
119–20

FOXP2 gene,
209–10,
254

France,
xii-xiv,
125,
138–9,
158–60,
176,
180–3,
246,
248,
251

frontal lobe,
102,
223

fruit,
2,
8,
17,
19,
23,
32,
50,
52,
72,
108

Gallup, Gordon,
64

Garcia, Gisselle,
131,
247

genera,
xvi,
2–3,
86–7,
89,
241

generalists,
8,
32,
59,
72–3,
117,
123,
148,
221

genes,
xi,
xv,
xviii,
xix-xx,
41,
86,
94–104,
149,
161–2,
164,
166–7,
185–6,
189,
207–13,
216,
221–5,
242,
248–9,
254

coding genes,
95–7

and genetic drift,
xix-xx

and “fixed” changes,
207–8

and radical change,
xi,
xv,
41,
94–104,
185–6,
207–11,
221–5

and language,
209–13

genetic bottleneck,
194–5,
216,
251

genetic drift,
xix-xx

genetics,
xvii,
44,
68,
86–7,
95–8,
148,
160,
166–8,
185,
194,
206–10,
216,
223,
231

genomes,
xviii,
xx,
96–7,
164–7,
173,
229,
248–9

and change resistance,
xviii

genus, xvi,
5–6,
9,
20–1,
40,
42,
49,
61,
73–5,
77–9,
82–9,
91,
99,
101,
103–4,
111,
129–34,
145–6,
148–9,
152,
185,
200,
212

Georgia, Republic of,
119,
122

Geschwind, Norman,
222–3,
254

Gibraltar,
160

glacial cycle,
xxi,
146–51,
160–1,
188,
196,
228

Goldschmidt, Richard,
97,
242

Gona (Ethiopia),
41–4,
103,
238

Goode, Douglas,
49

gorillas,
2,
11,
12–3,
23,
33,
36,
59,
65,
71,
109

gracile australopith,
70–7,
82–3,
163

See
Australopithecus africanus

gradualists,
87–8,
95,
130

Gran Dolina (Spain),
152–5,
172,
247

grasslands,
xxi,
3,
8,
15,
17,
22,
50,
54,
58,
93–4,
122,
146

Great Apes,
2

See
bonobos; chimpanzees; gorillas; orangutans

Great East African Rift Valley,
1–22,
55,
119,
203,
236

Grotte du Renne (France),
182,
251

groups, large,
xvi,
4–5,
52,
55,
58–61,
69,
114–6,
166,
171–3,
197,
230

gut reduction,
107–8,
111

Hadar region,
26–7,
30–3,
35,
38–40,
44,
75,
238

hair,
17,
109–10,
161–2,
249

hamadryas baboons,
167–8

“handaxes,”
124–9,
137,
139,
157,
175–6,
186,
245

hands,
11–5,
22,
30,
36–7,
43–4,
51,
54–5,
73,
93–4,
108

hand-eye coordination,
54–5

“handy man,”
See Homo habilis

Hart, Donna,
57–9

Hawaii,
216

Heidelberg, Germany,
135

herbivores,
45–7,
72,
122–3,
170–1

Herto fossils,
186–7,
189

Hobbits of Flores, xxii,
133,
197,
245

Holmes, John,
107

Holocene epoch,
148,
229

“holotype,”35

Homo
(genus),
xvi,
xxi,
5–6,
40–2,
49,
61,
73–9,
81–104,
111,
128–33,
145–9,
152

defining,
81–7

“early,”
xxi

and Ernst Mayr,
87–90

and full-time bipedality,
89–90

and radical change,
94–104

Homo antecessor,
xxi,
152–4,
247

Homo erectus,
xxi-xxii,
25,
82,
87,
89–91,
98–100,
103,
120–1,
127–33,
196–7,
242

as “Peking Man,”
90,
196

Homo ergaster,
90–104,
105–17,
121,
124,
127–30,
163,
185,
242

and body hair,
109–10

and childbirth,
115

diet of,
106–13

diorama of,
107

and fire and cooking,
111–3

and hunting,
108–10,
113,
115

and predation,
106,
108–9,
112–5,
and radical change,
94–104

skeleton of,
92

and the social setting,
113–7

See
Turkana Boy

Homo floresiensis
(“Hobbit”),
xxii,
133,
197,
245

Homo georgicus,
120–1

Homo habilis
(“handy man”),
75,
78,
82–4,
89,
131,
241–2

Homo heidelbergensis,
xvi,
xxii,
135–8,
141–3,
158,
160,
172,
246

Homo neanderthalensis,
132,
145,
152,
154,
156,
158,
159–77,
185

Homo rudolfensis,
84,
89,
242

Homo sapiens,
xvi,
xxii,
11,
12,
25–6,
39,
41,
48,
63,
81,
83,
87–8,
90,
98,
100–1,
103,
105–6,
132,
137,
152,
155,
161–8,
171,
185–98,
199,
203,
205,
207–13,
216,
218–20,
227–32,
248–9,
251–2

anatomically modern,
186–93

and bones,
105–6

brains of,
See
cognition; language; symbolism

and childbirth,
164

cross-section of head of,
211

emergence of,
185–98

future of,
227–32

and genetic “jump,”
207–9

genome of,
167

maturation rate of,
163–4

and molecular evidence,
193–8

and Neanderthals,
161–8,
171

skeleton of,
161

See
Late Stone Age; Middle Stone Age

Homo transvaalensis,
87

Hominida,
xvi

Hominidae,
6–7

hominids

and bipedality,
13–9
See
“bipedal apes”

and chimpanzees,
47–59

“cosmopolitan,”
135–43

and diet,
45–9

and early societies,
57–61

family tree of,
12

first,
3–6

and interiority,
61–8

lifestyles of,
45–68

and specialized behavior,
53–7

survival strategies of,
59–61

types of,
6–13

“hominin,”
3

“hominoid” apes,
2

“human,” the term,
81–2

human lice,
109–10,
244

“human universals,”
229

hunter gatherers,
xxii,
109,
115,
174,
227,
230

hunting,
xii,
48,
51–2,
59,
108–10,
113,
115,
138,
142,
153,
169–70,
174,
227,
230

Huxley, Thomas Henry,
xvii,
94–5,
97

hybridization,
167–8,
191–2,
248–9

“hyper-robust” australopith,
74–6

hyraxes,
47–8,
53,
72

Iberia,
151–2,
181

Ice Age,
xi-xv,
xxii,
132,
145–58,
161,
179–80,
205,
231

cave art,
xi-xv,
179–80,
205

Ildefonso case,
216–8,
254

iliac blades,
13,
28–9

India,
124,
150,
196,
205

Indonesia,
133,
195

innovation,
43,
62,
68,
81,
94–5,
97,
103–4,
108,
112,
126,
128,
135,
138,
140–1,
145,
167,
187,
194,
204,
207–8,
210,
220,
231–2