Masters of the Planet (47 page)

intelligence,
60–1,
137,
142,
221

See
cognition; language; symbolism

intention,
227

intentionality,
213–4

intuition,
66,
220–1

Iraq,
171,
249

Isimila, Tanzania,
128,
245

“island dwarfing,”
133

isotopes,
47,
72,
149–50,
156,
169,
171

Israel,
112,
138,
142,
160,
189–92,
196,
200

See
Jebel Qafzeh

Isthmus of Panama,
146

Italy,
169

James, William,
65

Japan,
212

Java,
4,
89–90,
98–9,
120,
129–32

jaws,
2–5,
8–9,
21–2,
31,
33,
35–6,
40,
75,
77,
82–3,
89,
106,
120,
131,
135,
137,
152,
155,
246–7

See
Mauer jaw

Jebel Irhoud (Morocco),
188–9,
192

Jebel Qafzeh (Israel),
9,
189–93

Jinniushan (China),
135–6

Johnson, Samuel,
82

“junk” DNA,
96

Kabwe skull (Zambia),
135

Kalahari (southern Africa),
115

Kanzi (bonobo),
43,
50,
66,
238

Katanda (Congo),
202–4

Keith, Sir Arthur,
5

Kenya,
2,
8,
20–2,
23,
41,
46,
75–6,
78,
84,
92,
107,
112–13,
116,
121,
125,
128,
141–2,
203,
236,
246

Kenya National Museums in Nairobi,
78

Kenyan Rift Valley,
203

Kenyanthropus,
78,
89,
241–2

Kenyanthropus platyops
(“flat-faced Kenyan man”),
78

Klasies River Mouth,
203,
253

KNM-ER 1470,
78,
83–4,
89,
91,
242

KNM-WT 15000,
See
“Turkana Boy”

“knuckle-walking” features,
11,
13,
43–4

La Quina,
177,
184,
249

Laetoli,
33–5,
39–40,
75,
238

language,
ix-xiv,
7,
40,
43,
100,
102–3,
143,
183,
207–25,
254

and cave art,
xiii-xiv

and humankind,
ix

and larynxes,
209–13

symbols, and the brain,
216–25

and “theory of mind,”
213–6

and words,
219–20

larynx (voice box),
209–13,
254

Lascaux (cave) (France),
xii-xiv,
180–1

Late Stone Age (LSA),
203–4

Law of Unintended Consequences,
227

LB1,
133–4

Leakey, Louis,
74–5,
82–3,
88,
236

Leakey, Mary,
74–5,
236

Leakey, Meave,
89

Lehringen spear,
139–40

leopards,
48–9,
53,
167,
240

Levant,
121–2,
175,
189,
192–3,
213,
218,
251

Liang Bua Cave (Flores Island) (Indonesia),
133

lice, human,
109–10,
244

ligers,
167

Linnaeus, Carolus,
81–2

lion,
15,
47,
55,
111,
113,
167–70,
248–9

“Little Foot” skeleton,
71–2

“Little Ice Age,”
147

London Zoo,
64

LSA,
See
Late Stone Age

“Lucy,”
26–31,
33,
35,
39–40,
73,
78,
93–4,
110,
133,
238

macaques,
58,
64,
108

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI),
221–3

Malapa site (South Africa),
71

mammals,
xvi,
1,
3,
16–17,
38,
41,
54,
69,
99–101,
106,
108–9,
120, 120–2,
133,
139–40,
146–8,
152,
155,
157,
167,
169–70,
194,
223

“Man the Toolmaker,”
4,
41,
74,
83–4,
242

“Marine Isotope Stages” (MIS),
151,
159,
161,
169,
195–7,
201,
204

Mauer jaw,
135,
137,
246

See Homo heidelbergensis

Mayr, Ernst,
87–8

McGranaghan, Don,
70,
74,
84,
92,
136,
180,
188,
190-
191

Mediterranean coast,
121–2,
138,
147,
161,
171,
189–90,
193,
200,
246

meerkats,
18

Melanesians,
166

microcephalin gene,
167,
248–9

Middle Awash Valley,
39–41

Middle Pleistocene,
160

Middle Stone Age (MSA),
186–7,
200–5,
251

See
Blombos; Cro-Magnons; Katanda; Pinnacle Point

migration out of Africa,
119–24,
185–98

“Millennium Man,”
8

Miocene epoch,
2–6,
13

mirror self-recognition (MSR),
64–5

mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA),
164–5,
173,
194–5,
248–9

See
DNA

molars,
2–5,
7–11,
22,
31–2,
71,
75–6,
164,
166

“molecular clock,”
109–10

Molefe, Nkwane,
71

Monboddo, Lord,
See
James Burnett

monkeys,
2,
18–19,
48,
52,
58–9,
64–6,
167–8,
240

monogamy,
18

“monsoon cycle,”
3

Moroccan Grotte des Pigeons,
200

Motsumi, Stephen,
71

Mount Toba,
195,
251

Mousterian tools,
175–7,
181–2,
186–7,
189–90,
192,
248,
251

Mowbray, Ken,
157,
162

MSA,
See
Middle Stone Age

MSR,
See
mirror self-recognition

mtDNA,
See
mitochondrial DNA

Mugharet-es-Skh
l,
See
Skh
l

mutations,
xix-xx,
95–8,
110,
165

Nassarius
shells,
200–1,
204,
207

natural selection,
xvii,
xix,
41,
44,
86,
88,
95,
231

Neander Valley (Germany),
165

Neanderthals,
xxii,
25,
28,
87–90,
103,
132,
136,
140,
145–6,
152,
154–8,
159–77,
179–84,
185–93,
197,
201,
208–11,
218,
248–9,
254

brain size of,
155,
159–60,
167,
183–4

build of,
161–2

and burial,
174–5

as “cold-adapted,”
161

and Cro-Magnons,
179–84

cross-section of head of,
211

and defleshing,
172

diets of,
155,
168–73

DNA samples,
161–2

genes of,
161–6

and
Homo Sapiens,
161–8,
171

lifestyles of,
171–5

and materials,
175–7
See
Mousterian tools

and maturation,
163–4

origins of,
154–8

and physical disability,
171

skeleton of,
162

social units of,
173–4

teeth of,
170–1

neuroanatomists,
102,
219

Nicaragua,
216–8,
220–1

Nile Corridor,
192

nitrogen isotopes (15N/14N),
169–70

normal distribution,
228

North Africa,
175,
187–9,
192,
200,
253

nosce te ipsum
(know thyself),
81

nucleotides,
166

occipital lobe,
223

Old Stone Age,
179,
202

Old World,
xxii,
2,
124,
135,
142,
195,
197

“Oldowan” tools,
42,
126,
128,
137,
152,
244

Olduvai Gorge,
33,
42,
74–5,
82–3,
116,
130,
241

Olduvai Hominid
5,
74–6,
83

See “Zinjanthropus”

Olorgesailie cranium (Kenya),
128–30,
245

omega-3 fatty acids,
108

omnivores,
32,
48,
58,
61–2,
76–7,
171

Omo Basin (Ethiopia),
41,
75,
186,
241

On the Origin of Species
(Darwin),
81

orangutans,
2–3,
19,
64–5,
108

orders,
xvi

Oreopithecus,
5,
12–3,
19,
236

Orrorin tugenensis
(“Millennium Man”),
8

ovulation,
18,
115,
174

paleoanthropology,
6,
11,
15,
17,
19,
22,
25–6,
35,
38–9,
41,
45,
54,
59,
75,
78,
82–91,
98,
130,
154,
170–1,
187,
191,
233,
235

Paranthropus,
49,
70–1,
73–7,
240

Paranthropus aethiopicus,
75,
77

Paranthropus boisei,
74–7

Paranthropus robustus
(“robust nearman”),
70–1

parasitologists,
110

parietal (upper side) lobe,
223

patas monkeys,
58

“Peking Man,”
90,
196

See Homo erectus

pelvic skeleton,
xvii,
13,
23,
24,
28–30,
35,
40,
60,
77–8,
93–4,
97–9,
155,
162–3,
238