Nazi Germany and the Jews: The Years of Persecution, 1933-1939 (76 page)

Ruppin, Arthur, 64–65

Russia, Imperial, 81, 93, 218, 352–53

Russian Revolution, 2, 90, 94

Rust, Bernhard, 50, 57, 131, 252, 258, 284, 293, 298

Ruthen, Rudolf aus den, 195, 196

SA (Storm Troopers, Sturmabteilung), 20, 56, 253, 259, 286, 359, 388–89

anti-Jewish violence committed by, 18, 19, 23, 41, 111, 137, 138, 242, 243, 269–70, 273–74, 278, 387

execution of members of, 111

murder of leaders of, 114–15, 137, 147, 206, 207

St. Louis
, 299–300

Salengro, Roger, 223

Salzburg Festival, 252

Sarrault, Albert, 178

Schacht, Hjalmar, 24, 25, 69, 139, 140, 146, 179, 224, 236, 288, 315, 350

Schiff, Jacob, 230

Schillings, Max von, 11, 12

Schlatter, Adolf, 165–66

Schlegelberger, Franz, 29, 341

Schleicher, Hugo, 231

Schleicher, Kurt von, 110–11

Schlösser, Rainer, 67, 134

Schloss Wetterstein
(Wedekind), 108

Schmitt, Carl, 54, 55, 192–93, 212, 374

Schmitthenner, Paul, 293

Schmitz, Oskar A. H., 44

Schnitzler, Arthur, 81, 130

Scholder, Klaus, 42, 47–48

Scholem, Gershom, 9

schools, Jews in, 30–31, 38, 149, 157, 168, 227, 256–57, 284–85, 298, 379

Schröder, Kurt, 198

Schüler, Winfried, 89

Schuschnigg, Kurt von, 239, 242

Schwarz, Ernst, 26

Schwarze Korps, Das
, 122, 193, 195, 206, 209, 292, 312, 313, 314

schweigsame Frau, Die
(Strauss), 131–32

Schweitzer, Hans, 104

Schwörer, Victor, 53

scientific research, 374

SD (Sicherheitsdienst), 3, 48, 63, 133, 139, 140, 167, 195, 233, 235, 255, 266, 270, 271, 291, 295, 304, 317, 318, 327, 359, 387

card index project of, 199

Jewish organizations investigated by, 199–201

reorganization of, 187–98, 374–75

Section II 112 (Jewish section) of, 135, 198–202, 210, 244, 245, 254, 261, 313

Second Reich,
see
Germany, Imperial

Security Police (Sipo), 195

Selz, Otto, 18

Senator, Werner, 61

Senger, Valentin, 323

Seraphim, Peter-Heinz, 186–87

Sereny, Gitta, 296

Serkin, Rudolf, 10

Seton-Watson, R. W., 93

sexual intercourse, definition of, 158–59

Sherrill, Charles, 181

Shirer, William L., 169

Siedler, Wolf Jobst, 296

Simon, Ernst, 75, 169

Simon, Hans, 296

Simon, Sir John, 68

Singer, Kurt, 65–66, 136

Sipo (Security Police), 195

“Situation of the Jews in Russia from the Revolution of March 1917 to the Present, The” (Heller), 191

Six, Franz Albert, 198, 199, 255, 313

Slawoj-Skladkowski, Felician, 218

Social Democratic Party, German, 74, 75, 76, 93, 106, 338, 356

socialism, 93

Socialist Party, German, 115, 138

SOPADE reports of, 138, 139, 253, 295, 302, 323

Solmssen, Georg, 33

Sommer, Walther, 225

SOPADE reports, 138, 139, 253, 295, 302, 323, 383–84

Soviet Union, 4, 185, 263, 265, 330

anti-Semitism in, 103, 186, 214

see also
Russia, Imperial; Russian Revolution

Spanish Civil War, 178, 183, 184

Spartacists, 91

Spectator
(London), 248

Speer, Albert, 260–61, 296

Spinoza, Baruch, 54, 256

Spitzemberg, Baroness Hildegard von, 79–80

Spotts, Frederic, 14

SS, 4, 17, 76, 122, 125, 126, 137–38, 147, 166–67, 187, 193, 202–3, 205, 207, 209, 244, 246, 278, 292

Kristallnacht and, 273, 274–75, 387

racial purity in, 195–96, 197

Security Service of,
see
SD

SS-Leitheft
, 196–97

Stabel, Oskar, 56

Stahlecker, Franz, 244, 245, 305

Stalin, Joseph, 103, 186, 214, 330

Starhemberg, Prince Ernst Rüdiger, 242

State Department, U.S., 21

Stavisky affair, 221

Steed, Harry Wickham, 80

sterilization law, 39–40, 207–10

Stern, Fritz, 81

Stern, Hermann, 41

Stern, Kurt, 197

Stern, Susannah, 269

Stöcker, Adolf, 191

Storm Troopers,
see
SA

Strasser, Gregor, 19

Strauss, Leo, 54

Strauss, Richard, 9, 67, 108, 131–32

Stresemann, Gustav, 106

Stuckart, Wilhelm, 148, 152, 158–59, 224

Sturmabteilung,
see
SA

Stürmer, Der
, 118, 123–25, 127, 128, 135

Sudetenland, 214, 249, 255, 262, 263, 265, 267, 272, 280, 311

suicide, 12, 37, 42, 73, 114, 173, 224, 239, 276, 305, 318

Supreme Court, German, 159, 276

swastika, 18, 64, 142, 238–39

swimming facilities, 122–23, 127, 138, 161, 229, 230–31, 285

Switzerland, 9, 24, 26, 114, 181, 206, 236, 245, 263–65, 266, 303

Szamuely, Tibor, 93

Thannhäuser, Ludwig, 117

Three Speeches on Judaism
(Buber), 118

Thule Society, 92

Times
(London), 80, 95, 103, 246, 300

Tivoli program, 34

Toscanini, Arturo, 9–10, 252

“Toward Eliminating the Poison from the Jewish Question” (Prinz), 110

trade unions, abolition of, 17

Tramer, Hans, 14–15

Tübingen, University of, 50, 157–58, 165, 205

Tuchler, Kurt, 63

Tucholsky, Kurt, 172–73

Turkey, 368

Udet, Ernst, 37

Ullstein, Leopold, 65

Ullstein publishing empire, 24–25, 65, 79, 138

Umfried, Hermann, 41–42, 59

United States:

boycott of German goods in, 139

isolationism in, 213

Jewish organizations in, 21, 339

Jewish refugees and, 248, 299–300

relations between Nazi Germany and, 20, 300–301, 309, 310

universities, Jews in, 30–31, 36–37, 49–60, 145, 149, 157–58, 218, 228–29, 285, 293, 345–48, 379–80

Vallat, Xavier, 222

Vatican:

Concordat signed between Hitler and, 46–47, 48–49, 69, 70

see also
Catholic Church, Catholics

Verschuer, Otmar von, 32

Vichy government of France, 220, 222, 302

Vienna, 11, 80, 96, 239, 241, 243, 244, 245, 255, 266, 353–54

Völkischer Beobachter
, 22, 30, 141, 143, 246, 249, 271, 280

Wagener, Otto, 19, 359

Wagner, Adolf, 139–40

Wagner, Cosima, 88, 89, 90

Wagner, Gerhard, 20, 148, 149

Wagner, Richard, 67, 87–89, 90, 252, 355, 372

Wagner, Robert, 51

Wagner, Winifred, 14

Walter, Bruno, 9

Warburg, Max, 26, 65, 74–75, 170, 321

Warburg, Otto, 51–52, 153

Wasserstein, Bernard, 304

Wassermann, Jakob, 109–10, 130

Wassermann, Oskar, 25, 42

Webster, Nesta, 90–91

Wedekind, Frank, 108

Wehrmacht, 115, 117, 137, 153, 177, 236, 241, 265, 291, 304, 330

Weise, Georg, 50

Weiss, Bernhard, 104

Weissler, Friedrich, 190

Weizmann, Chaim, 170, 313

Weizsäcker, Ernst von, 238, 316

Weltsch, Robert, 129–30, 349

Wenn ich der Kaiser wär
(Class), 34

Werfel, Franz, 11–12

Westdeutscher Beobachter
, 122, 219

Wiedemann, Fritz, 117, 143

Wiese, Benno von, 55

Willstätter, Richard, 347

“Will the Jew Be Victorious Over Us?” (Schlatter), 165–66

Wilson, Hugh R., 261, 299, 316

Winter, Karl, 256

Wise, Stephen, 180–81, 217

Wisliceny, Dieter, 198

Wohlthat, Helmut, 315

women, victimization of, 369

World of Yesterday, The
(Zweig), 81

World Revolution
(Webster), 90–91

World War I, 2, 90, 309

Jewish military service in, 15, 16, 28, 29, 55, 58, 61, 73–75, 117, 292–93

World War II, 366

outbreak of, 330–31

prelude to, 177–78, 304–5, 311

World Zionist Organization, 170, 313

Wurm, Alois, 43

Würzburg, 104–5, 161

Yiddish, 37, 217, 218

Yishuv, 63, 65, 170

Zionist Federation for Germany, 21

Zionist Organization, 61, 63, 64

Zionist Pioneer, 61

Zionist
Rundschau
, 244

Zionists, Zionism, 15, 61–65, 78, 93, 119, 141, 151, 165, 167–68, 170, 198, 201, 217, 270, 304

Zionist Youth Emigration Organization, 55

Zöberlein, Hans, 122

Zschintsch, Werner, 252

Zweig, Arnold, 9, 65, 171, 172

Zweig, Stefan, 81, 131–32

About the Author

Born in Prague, S
AUL
F
RIEDLÄNDER
spent his boyhood in Nazi-occupied France. He now divides his time between professorships at Tel Aviv University and UCLA. He has written many other books on Nazi Germany and World War II, including a moving personal memoir,
When Memory Comes
.

Visit www.AuthorTracker.com for exclusive information on your favorite HarperCollins author.

MORE
PRAISE
FOR
N
AZI
G
ERMANY AND THE
J
EWS

“Saul Friedländer announces at the beginning of this first of two volumes on Nazi Germany and the Jews that he hopes to preserve a ‘sense of estrangement’ rather than to present a ‘seamless’ historical explanation. To achieve this end, he consciously adopts a strategy of shifting perspectives, disruptive juxtapositions and layered analysis…. The result is an elegant, sophisticated and nuanced account of the years leading up to the Holocaust.”

—Christopher R. Browning,
Times Literary Supplement
(London)

“The merits of this work are many: it is easily the best book of a distinguished historian. It is based on a great variety of sources, published and unpublished, and the judgment of the author cannot be faulted on any major issue. It is a much-needed book at a time when this specific field has been subjected to a considerable amount of charlatanism, uniformed and wholly subjective writing. This is a very good, very important book.”

—Walter Laqueur,
Los Angeles Times

“In this superb volume [Friedländer] shows that, even today, a rational, measured and many-sided reinterpretation of the evidence can help us take one small step closer toward comprehending the nearly incomprehensible Holocaust.”

—Istvan Deak,
New Republic

“An eminent Holocaust historian gives voice to both the perpetrators and victims of Nazi Germany’s prewar persecutions…. Eloquent, richly documented…. The exhaustive spadework makes this the richest, fullest study of its kind. The reader comes as closes as one would ever want to get to the Nazi Germany of the 1930s.”

—Kirkus Reviews

“Nazi persecution of the Jews is compellingly reenacted here in human terms as Friedländer draws on a wealth of primary source documents and unpublished archival material…. A masterful, scholarly study.”

—Publishers Weekly

“Friedländer’s ambitious and scholarly work is an important contribution to understanding why Germany, one of the most advanced nations in Europe, would embark on a systematic attempt to destroy the Jews.”

—Booklist

“A work of remarkable lucidity and authority which will undoubtedly be referred to for years to come…. A thoughtful, detailed, responsible and readable account of a subject crucial to our understanding of the period.”

—Neil Gregor,
Jewish Chronicle

“Friedländer brings perceptive interpretation to anti-Semitic persecution from 1933 to 1939. This is an authoritative book, lacing new material with the testimony of victims. Dispassionate, it still reveals a depth of understanding that only a survivor—as Friedländer is—possesses.”

—Hella Pick,
The Guardian

“A remarkable synopsis of the latest research enriched by reference to a breathtaking range of documents, diaries, letters, and memoirs, that nevertheless remains anchored in the searing experience of individual men and women…it sets a benchmark for scope, lucidity and balance.”

—David Cesarani,
Financial Times

“There have been many books about Nazism’s persecution of the Jews, but none as magisterial or comprehensive as this new account. Based on a wide reading of the almost unmanageable scholarly literature, and incorporating a great deal of original research, Friedländer’s book…interweaves a narrative of events with the stories of individual victims, perpetrators and bystanders.”

—Richard Evans,
Sunday Telegraph

“A work whose eloquence lies in its self-control and whose strength is the calm intelligence of its approach to subject matter.”

—Anne McElvoy,
The Spectator

“This will be the standard work for many years to come. Calmly, it tells its tale of horror without once hinting at the fact that the author was, as a youth, one of the Nazis’ victims. The material is so voluminous that Friedländer is selective. But it is clear to anyone familiar with his sources that he nowhere distorts his evidence.”

—Daniel Johnson,
The Times
(London)

“The best book now on its subject, riveting in its narrative, analysis, and details.”

—George L. Mosse, Professor Emeritus of History,
University of Wisconsin

“Saul Friedländer is the most astute, sophisticated, and stylish historian of the Holocaust working in any language today. His is a calm, rational voice in a field increasingly dominated by acrimony and unedifying publicity campaigns. Long after the latter are forgotten, Friedländer’s book, based as it is on a lifetime’s research and reflection, will be remembered as a milestone of contemporary scholarship.”

—Michael Burleigh, Distinguished Research Professor
in Modern European History, University of Wales;
author of
The Racial State and Death and Deliverance

“Through a compelling narrative, based on a myriad of vivid, sharp-focused episodes, Saul Friedländer raises a series of crucial questions—both theoretical and historical—which will have a deep impact on the current debate concerning the history of the extermination of the Jews. A thoughtful, innovative, sophisticated approach; a major historiographical achievement.”

—Carlo Ginzburg, Professor of History,
University of California, Los Angeles