Out of Eden: The Peopling of the World (72 page)

Solutrean culture
250

Solutrean hypothesis
317–19

Song Keplek cave
266

South America, dates of first colonization
322–4

South Asia

aboriginal groups
157

central role of
348

genetic diversity retained in
175–7
,
191–2

origin of European founders
84–7
,
139–44
,
144
,
152–4

Southeast Asia

Australo-Melanesian view of
267–8

colonization of (northern route theory)
59–61

gap in occupation
274–5

genetically distinct form Northeast Asia
227

at LGM
274–6

low level tools used in
271–2

migration from East Asia
263–6

Mongoloid expa

nsion into
262–8

stone technology in
100

technical influences at LGM
272

teeth shape in
206–10

Y chromosome evidence of route into
189–93

see also
Island Southeast Asia; Mongoloid populations

southern route

archaeological evidence for
87

beachcomber evidence for
76–7
,
80

climatic evidence for
67–74
,
78–82

colonization of Australia
57–8
,
77–8

dating of
73–6
,
78–83

mtDNA evidence for
83–4

Y chromosome (NRY) evidence for
66
,
84
,
188–93

speech
see
language

Spirit Cave Man
322

Spitsynians
147

Sri Lanka
87
,
157

Stanford, Denis
317

Stariovskaya, Yelena
338
,
340

Stone, Anne
320

stone tools

Acheulian tools
15
,
73

American finds
282–3
,
292–3

Anatomically Modern Humans
98–103

blades
91
,
100–3
,
115
,
117
,
118
,
272
,
273

in Central Asia
224–6

chopper-chopping
272
,
274

and cultural revolution theory
115–20

as evidence for northern exodus
59

flaked stone industry
272
,
273
,
274

and increase in brain size
8

Kota Tampan culture
166–9

low level used in Asia
271–2

Lower Palaeolithic
73

macroblades
273

made by
Homo erectus
14

microblades
272
,
273

microliths
87
,
118
,
126–7

Middle Palaeolithic
72

Neanderthal vs. modern
91

pebble tools
166–9
,
275
,
287

in Sri Lanka
87

stone points
118

Tingkayu lanceolate knives
275–6

Upper Palaeolithic
73
,
87
,
146

Stoneking, Alan
320

Stringer, Chris
56
,
57
,
61

Sundadonty
207–9
,
210–11
,
212
,
316

Sunghir grave
122

symbolic thought
see
art; language syntax
31

Syrian Desert
60

Tamil population
181

Taramsa Hill
56

Tasmanians
75
,
267

TAT paternal clan
151
,
239
,
330

teeth shape change
206–13

terminology
42–3
,
196–8

thalassaemias
359–60
,
361

Tierra del Fuegans
204–5

Tigris Valley
60

Toba explosion
73
,
80–2
,
166–9
,
183
,
188
,
192–3
,
355
,
356

tools
see
bone tools; perishable tools; stone tools

Topper, David
292

Topper/Big Pine site
286
,
292–3

Torroni, Antonio
229
,
264
,
302–5
,
309
,
313
,
337

Trading
127

Trans-Caucasus
138
,
145
,
148

Turkey
138

Underhill, Peter
58
,
150
,
152
,
188

Upper Cave
269
,
273

Upper Palaeolithic art
29
,
92

Upper Palaeolithic technology
87
,
90
,
92
,
100–3
,
147
,
223–5
,
270–1
,
272–3

Upper Palaeolithic tools
73
,
87
,
146

Urumchi mummies
149

Ust-Karakol caves
223

vegetarianism
9–11

Villems, Richard
83
,
145

Wainscoat, James
50

walking (bipedalism)
4–5
,
13–14

Ward, Ryk
302
,
314

Watson, Jim
35–6

Wells, H.G.
90

Wheeler, Peter
9

Wizards Beach Man
322

X mtDNA group
231
,
235
,
314–15
,
318–20
,
332
,
336
,
341

Y chromosome (NRY)

Americas multiple migrations
327–31

building genetic tree using
xiv–xv
,
41–3

earliest exodus route evidence
188–93

European founder lines
141–4
,
146

and Europe’s Asian origin
150–3

and gene flow
113

Mongoloid populations
235–42

nomenclature for
43

single exodus evidence
66
,
84

Y (M17) paternal clan
151–3
,
185–7
,
252–3

Yadhava people
187

Yali
93–7

Yanadi people
157

Yangtzi River (China)
272
,
274
,
327

Yellow River (China)
272–3
,
327

Yemen, the
166

Z mtDNA group
229
,
231
,
234–5
,
255

Zagros Mountains
60
,
68
,
87
,
133
,
138
,
140
,
143
,
224

Zergal, Tatiana
151

(1) Reconstruction of
Australopithecus afarensis
, from Lucy’s family of walking apes, 3-4 million years ago. They had one of the first clearly upright and bipedal bodies, but a skull and brain still the size of a chimpanzee’s.

(2) Reconstruction of
Homo erectus
head.With a wary face and growing brain, they left Africa at the earliest opportunity, successfully dominating the planet for nearly two million years.