Out of Eden: The Peopling of the World (68 page)

BOOK: Out of Eden: The Peopling of the World
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Africa, changes to climate of
51–4

African exodus

northern route
54–67

possible routes
50–1

see also
single exodus; southern route

African Late Stone Age
118

African Middle Stone Age
117–20

Africans
see
Anatomically Modern Humans; modern Africans

Ahmarian tools
146–7

Aiello, Leslie
9
,
25

Ainu, the
205
,
206
,
209
,
267
,
269

Altai, the
152
,
223
,
225
,
240

Americas

beachcomber remnants
324
,
338–9

Cactus Hill site
286
,
292

Clovis-first theory
281–7

date of first occupation
283–4

different cultures preserved in
335–8

disagreement over first occupation
280–1
,
287–94

entry point
341

genetic diversity in
307–13

genetic evidence of first occupation
302–22
,
327–31
,
331–4

Hebior site
293

Kennewick Man
315–17
,
321–2

language diversity in
294
,
296–300

at Last Glacial Maximum (LGM)
247
,
300

Meadowcroft Rockshelter
286
,
291–2

Monte Verde site
286
,
287–90

number of migrations into
301
,
305
,
306–7
,
319–31
,
341–2

Palaeo-Indians
325

re-expansion of North America
308–13

Schaefer site
293

single entry theory
320–1

Solutrean hypothesis
317–19

South America first colonization dates
322–4

Spirit Cave Man
322

stone tools
282–3
,
292–3

Topper/Big Pine site
286
,
292–3

Wizards Beach Man
322

Amerind speakers
300–1
,
305
,
306–7
,
310–13
,
336

Anatomically Modern Humans

ancestors of
107

characteristics of
47
,
202

stone technology of
98–103

Andaman Islands
157

Arabian Desert
60
,
68

Armenians
138

Arnhem Land shelters
160

art

African Middle Stone Age painting
120–1

Australian
xvii
,
29
,
56
,
108
,
112–13
,
160

Bhimbetka caves
121

European cave paintings
29
,
55
,
92
,
108
,
121

Mal’ta
226
,
245

Saharan cliff paintings
52

Upper Palaeolithic
29
,
92

Asia

European founders from
150–3

at Last Glacial Maximum (LGM)
247
,
350

mammalian movement into
67–8

see also
Central Asia; East Asia;

Island Southeast Asia;

Mongoloid populations; South

Asia; Southeast Asia

Aurignacian culture
131–3
,
138
,
144
,
148

Australia

art in
xvii
,
29
,
56
,
108
,
112–13
,
160

colonization of (northern route theory)
59–61

colonization of (southern route theory)
57–8
,
77–8

date of colonization of
82
,
109
,
159–71

single exodus descendants in
171

window of opportunity theory
161–6

Y chromosome main types in
191

Australians

physical appearance
174

skin colour
199

skull size reduction
204

teeth shape
209

australopithecines
5–7
,
8
,
10
,
13–14

Azerbaijanis
138

 

B mtDNA group
231
,
263
,
264
,
305
,
308
,
310–13
,
333–4
,
337–8
,
340–2

Bailliet, Graciela
314

Baldwin, Mark
19
,
30

Bandelt, Hans-Jurgen
61
,
309
,
314

Baradostian industry
147

Basque region
138
,
251

beachcombing

Australian sites
163–4

begins in African Middle Stone Age
124–7

evidence for southern exodus
76–7
,
80

remnants in Americas
324
,
338–9

tools at Red Sea site
99

trail around Indian Ocean
156–9

bear mtDNA
339

Bednarik, Robert
121

Bellwood, Peter
167
,
168
,
261
,
276

Berber motif
63

Berbers
63
,
139

Berhe, Seife
125–6

Bering Strait
309

Beringia
309–13
,
321
,
334
,
338
,
341–2

Bhimbetka caves
121

biology

creationist view of language
29–32

European cultural revolution and
xvi–xvii
,
107–28

relationship with culture
18–21
,
106–14

bipedalism
4–5
,
13–14

blades
91
,
100–3
,
115
,
117
,
118
,
272
,
273

bone tools
118–19
,
148
,
274

Bowdler, Sandra
167

brain

asymmetry
30–1

and body size
22

development
23

language and size increase of
25–8
,
31–3

maturation
22

size increase
7–13
,
16–19
,
361

sociability and size increase of
24–5

volumes
6
,
7
,
8
,
9
,
11
,
15
,
16–18
,
21

Broca’s area
28
,
30

Bronowski, Jacob
1

Brookes, Alison
117–27
,
346

brown bear mtDNA
339

Brown, Michael
318

Brown, Peter
269

built hearths
104–6

Bulbeck, David
267
,
268
,
274

Burials
105–6

 

C mtDNA group
231
,
234–5
,
255
,
264
,
305
,
308
,
310–13
,
331
,
332
,
337
,
341

Cactus Hill site
286
,
292

Cain (C, RPS4Y) paternal clan
84
,
171
,
184
,
187
,
190–1
,
236
,
269
,
270
,
331

Cann, Rebecca
45

Carpathian Mountains
252

Caton-Thompson, Gertrude
76

Caucasus, the
145–7

Central Asia

dating colonization of
348

genetic origins in
235

at Last Glacial Maximum (LGM)
253–5

routes into
218–24
,
236–7

transition between East and West
191–2

Central Narmada Basin
73

Cerebellum
22–3

cerebral cortex
22–3

Chamberlin, Thomas
281

Chatters, James
315–16

Chauvet Cave paintings
29
,
55
,
92
,
108
,
121

Chenchu people
157
,
182
,
183–4
,
185
,
187

Chile, Monte Verde site
286
,
287–90

chimpanzees

close relationship with humans
33

hunting by
12–13

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