Pillar of Fire (111 page)

three-week spitting match: Aside from the Hoover testimony of Jan. 29, the main focus of contention was visits to the FBI and Justice Department by
Atlanta Journal
reporter Reese Cleghorn, who sought information on King. Burke Marshall and other Justice Department officials firmly believed that the FBI was leaking secret wiretap material about King to Cleghorn, which the Bureau indignantly denied. Justice officials pretended that their only motive for seeking to prevent publication of derogatory King material was to protect the FBIs confidential sources. FBI officials fumed that the department was really trying to cover up its own collusion with King and its failure to brand him a subversive. (“I asked [RFK Press Secretary Ed] Guthman if the ‘Saturday Evening Post' intended to ‘whitewash' King,” wrote DeLoach.) Cleghorn's research visit to Washington on February 5 renewed the bureaucratic hostilities. See DeLoach to Mohr, Feb. 5, 1964, FK-NR; Evans to Belmont, Feb. 5, 1964, FK-300; Evans to Belmont, Feb. 6, 1964, FK-307; DeLoach to Mohr, Feb. 12, 1964, FK-303. Also int. Ed Guthman, June 25, 1984.

“I pointed out that”: Ed Guthman, Memo to Files, re RFK-JEH conversation of 10:00
A.M
., Feb. 5, 1964, private files of Ed Guthman.

“[Burke] Marshall is a liar”: Hoover note on DeLoach to Hoover, Feb. 18, 1964, FK-315.

circulated this exact charge: Hoover note (“Marshall is a liar.”) on Rosen to Belmont, Feb. 25, 1964, FK-317; Hoover note (“Marshall is still a liar.”) on Rosen to Belmont, Feb. 26, 1964, FK-319.

“I stated just like that woman”: Hoover to Tolson et al., 10:51
A.M.,
Feb. 5, 1964, FK-297.

“The hurt that others feel”: Fred Dutton to RFK, April 3, 1964, Box 8, AG Papers, JFK.

fight over a cigarette butt:
Baltimore Sun
, Feb. 6, 1994, p. 19.

“the greatest composers since Beethoven”:
Rolling Stone Rock Almanac
, p. 81.

celebrate their seventeenth birthday: Jones,
Great Expectations
, p. 73.

double to twenty million: Ibid., p. 68.

“the buyingest age group in history”:
Time
, April 17, 1964, p. 100.

“Have Mercy, Baby”: Deay,
Stairway to Heaven
, p. 75.

“I Got a Woman”: Wolff,
You Send Me
, p. 117.

formula had registered: Deay,
Stairway to Heaven
, pp. 73-107.

fn imitative “cover” recordings: Guralnick,
Sweet Soul Music
, p. 192.

“ears tingled”:
Rolling Stone Rock Almanac
, p. 85.

“although unkempt in one way”:
U.S. News & World Report
, Feb. 24, 1964, p. 88.

bowled over even Sam Cooke: Wolff,
You Send Me
, pp. 293, 296, 306-7.

childhood friend Lou Rawls: Ibid., pp. 43-44, 247-49.

critics would uphold: Deay,
Stairway to Heaven
, p. 85; Guralnick,
Sweet Soul Music
, p. 46; Wolff,
You Send Me
, pp. 290-92, 351.

misfortune to perform: Wolff,
You Send Me
, p. 293.

“You guys ain't as dumb”: Hauser,
Muhammad Ali
, p. 63.

pantomimed as mighty Tarzan: CDD, Feb. 19, 1964, p. 4.

trial for shooting Medgar Evers: Massengill,
Portrait of a Racist
, pp. 180-202.

“I believe in segregation”: Ibid., p. 197.

“For' the next fifteen years”: Ibid., p. 166.

“Shooting at Night”:
The Nation
, Feb. 24, 1964, p. 180.

Myrlie Evers, prepared: NYT, Feb. 8, 1964, p. 1.

“a victory for the law”: Massengill,
Portrait of a Racist
, p. 201.

Barnett had strolled publicly: Ibid., p. 202; NYT, Feb. 8, 1964, p. 10.

Lowenstein to tell: Minutes of COFO Convention, Feb. 9, 1964, MSS 191, b1f3, SHSW.

allowed to use assumed names: Ibid.

ninety-five prospective jurors:
The Nation
, Feb. 24, 1964, p. 180.

Howard Smith's proposal: Feb. 8 debate generally from
Congressional Record-House
, Feb. 8, 1964, pp. 2577-84; Whalen and Whalen,
The Longest Debate
, pp. 115-18; Harrison,
On Account of Sex
, pp. 176-81; Graham,
The Civil Rights Era
, pp. 134-39.

“Now I am very serious”:
Congressional Record-House
, Feb. 8, 1964, p. 2577.

Eleven of the twelve female: Harrison,
On Account of Sex
, p. 178.

“women were a second class sex”:
Congressional Record-House
, Feb. 8, 1964, p. 2580.

“Unless this amendment”: Ibid., p. 2583.

“I know this Congress”: Ibid.

“pandemonium reigned”: Whalen and Whalen,
The Longest Debate
, p. 117.

Katzenbach had warned: Graham,
The Civil Rights Era
, p. 136.

“after I leave the floor”:
Congressional Record-House
, Feb. 8, 1964, p. 2581.

surprise amendment: The strange origins of the sex discrimination provision in the 1964 law would be recognized popularly some thirty years later. Cf. “Judge Smith's Unintended Victory for the Ladies,”
Plain-Dealer
(Cleveland), Jan. 9, 1994, p. 9; “Racists for Feminism! The Odd History of the Civil Rights Bill,” WP, Feb. 4,1994, p. C5.

“the apples-and-bananas fallacy”: Carl M. Brauer, “Women Activists, Southern Conservatives, and the Prohibition of Sex Discrimination in Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act,”
The Journal of Southern History
, Feb. 1983, p. 51.

“Smith outsmarted himself”: Whalen and Whalen,
The Longest Debate
, p. 117.

“I sort of feel like”: Ibid., p. 122.

“I'm proud of you”: LBJ phone call with Carl Albert, 8:32
P.M.
, Feb. 10, 1964, Cit. 2015, Audiotape WH6402.13, LBJ.

“You reckon he wants”: LBJ phone call with Pierre Salinger and Lawrence O'Brien, 8:37
P.M.
, Feb. 10, 1964, Cit. 2019, Audiotape WH6402.13, LBJ.

“they couldn't pee a drop”: LBJ phone call with Nicholas Katzenbach, 9:45
P.M.
, Feb. 10, 1964, Cit. 2037, Audiotape WH6402.14, LBJ.

“Whatever you want”: LBJ phone call with Robert Kennedy, 9:07
P.M.
, Feb. 10, 1964, Cit. 2034, Audiotape WH6402.14, LBJ.

most gratifying positive votes: Findlay,
Church People in the Struggle
, p. 54.

Equality Cookies: Whalen and Whalen,
The Longest Debate
, p. 122.

“Why are you still there?”: Clarence Mitchell Oral History, p. 30, LBJ; Whalen and Whalen,
The Longest Debate
, p. 119; Miller,
Lyndon
, p. 448.

17. S
PREADING
P
OISONS

shot the Hayling bulldog: Colburn,
Racial Change
, p. 58.

parents of the four: PC, Jan. 25, 1964, p. 1.

Fulwood did not refer: Colburn,
Racial Change
, pp. 57-58; int. Fannie Fulwood, April 6, 1991.

firebombed a car: Hartley, p. 33, in Garrow, ed.,
St. Augustine
.

burned the home of Bungum Roberson: Garrow,
Bearing the Cross
, p. 317; int. Katherine and Henry Twine, April 2, 1991.

Four shotgun blasts: Colburn,
Racial Change
, p. 58; “Racial and Civil Disorders in St. Augustine,” p. 5, in Garrow, ed.,
St. Augustine
; ADW, Feb. 23, 1964, p. 1; PC, Feb. 22, 1964, p. 1; int. Robert Hayling by David Colburn, Sept. 28, 1978, Colburn Papers, UF.

phone call to Martin: Int. Stetson Kennedy, Nov. 2, 1994.

steered him to Rev. C. K. Steele: Ibid. Also Fairclough,
To Redeem
, p. 104.

patch up his feud: Hartley, p. 32, in Garrow, ed.,
St. Augustine
.

no one made inquiries:
Jet
, March 5, 1964, p. 4; int. Robert Hayling by David Colburn, Sept. 28, 1978, Colburn Papers, UF.

“This is my last swing”:
Jet
, March 5, 1964, pp. 4-5.

Cuban kamikaze pilots: Wannall to Sullivan, Feb. 20, 1964, and Hoover “Memorandum for Confidential Files,” Feb. 26, 1964, Section 92, FHOC.

Johnson fussed privately: LBJ phone call with Robert McNamara, 3:29
P.M.
, Feb. 26, 1964, Cit. 2116, Audiotape WH6402.22, LBJ.

two bombs severed rail lines: NYT, Feb. 28, 1964, p. 1.

pounded the lectern: Ibid.

ordered J. Edgar Hoover: LBJ phone call with J. Edgar Hoover, 8:53
P.M.
, Feb. 25, 1964, Cit. 2223, Audiotape WH6402.23, LBJ. (Johnson began the call with a joke Hoover did not seem to appreciate: “What's the matter, you got this phone tapped?”) Johnson also discussed the railroad bombs with Labor Secretary Willard Wirtz (Cit. 2220) and the kamikaze threat with Senator George Smathers (Cit. 2244).

team of thirty FBI agents; NYT, Feb. 29, 1964, p. 10.

massive federal-state investigation: NYT, March 1, 1964, p. 1.

“Confusion to the enemy.”: Int. Michael Gannon, April 3, 1991.

Sullivan's team would arrest: Int. Joseph Sullivan, Feb. 3, 1991; NYT, March 13, 1964, p. 18.

he led a small caravan: Colburn,
Racial Change
, p. 61.

freedom march of ten thousand: Garrow,
Bearing the Cross
, p. 316; PC, March 14, 1964, p. 1; report by Very Rev. Robert W. Estill in
Church and Race
, a bulletin of the Episcopal Church Center, New York, March 1964, p. 13.

Vivian promptly visited: Int. C. T. Vivian, May 26, 1990; int. Henry and Katherine Twine, April 2, 1991.

offered to help recruit: Ibid.

“Spring Vacation is a time”: Hayling “for the St. Augustine Chapter of the SCLC” to the Massachusetts chapter of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, March 11, 1964, SAHS.

small network of clergy and theologians: Int. Harvey Cox, May 3, 1991, and Nov. 15, 1993; int. Paul Chapman, Nov. 4, 1994.

“I got his eyes”: Int. Virgil Wood, Aug. 2, 1994.

supremely grateful to Daddy King: Ibid. Also int. Harvey Cox, May 3, 1991, and int. Paul Chapman, Nov. 4, 1994.

“This is not a vacation
”: Florida Spring Project application for “Demonstrations in St. Augustine, Florida,” SAHS.

capsule history: Int. Harvey Cox, May 3, 1991; “Oldest Bias in America,” MS, April 10, 1964, p. 4.

Cox approached three prominent Episcopal bishops: Int. Harvey Cox, Nov. 15, 1993. Virgil Wood's core group of clergy in Boston needed new adult volunteers in St. Augustine for a peculiar, technical reason aside from their competing commitments to Easter demonstrations in North Carolina. Rev. John Harmon, treasurer of the new Massachusetts SCLC, was the son-in-law of Judge Elbert Tuttle, chief of the U.S. 5th Circuit Court of Appeals, and Tuttle had warned that if Harmon or his close associates got arrested within his jurisdiction, the chief judge might well have to recuse himself from the great host of critical civil rights cases before his court. Harmon, Breeden, Wood, and Paul Chapman—the officers of the Massachusetts SCLC—avoided appearances in the entire 5th District, which included St. Augustine. (Int. Paul Chapman, Nov. 4, 1994).

coax a courtesy invitation: Int. Esther J. Burgess, Nov. 7, 1994.

grumbling within their own households: Int. Paul Chapman, Nov. 4, 1994.

wives of all three bishops: Written reminiscence by Esther J. Burgess, courtesy of Esther J. Burgess.

“If you never see me again”: Int. Esther J. Burgess, Nov. 7, 1994.

first elected Negro bishop:
The Witness
, Vol. 49, No. 14, April 9, 1964.

founder of Groton School:
St. Augustine Record
, Feb. 7, 1981.

hurry-up training: Int. Virgil Wood, Aug. 2, 1994.

Paul Johnson sponsored bills: NYT, April 12, 1964, p. 76.

new state troopers: NYT, April 2, 1964, p. 67.

“Thompson's Tank”:
Newsweek
, Feb. 24, 1964.