Pillar of Fire (113 page)

Bible on the dashboard: Int. Benjamin Karim, March 19, 1991.

stood to lose money: Little more than half the fifteen thousand seats of the Miami Beach Civic Auditorium were filled, and promoter MacDonald wound up losing $363,000.
Sports Illustrated
, March 9, 1994, p. 24.

“Don't start hitting me”: Houser,
Muhammad Ali
, p. 66.

hints of the truth already seeping: Cf.
New York Journal-American
, July 6, 1963, and Feb. 27, 1964 (FMXNY-4108); Dick Schaap, “The Challenger and the Muslims,”
New York Herald Tribune
, Jan. 23, 1964, p. 1; “Cassius Clay Almost Says He's a Muslim,” NYAN, Jan. 25, 1964 (FMXNY-4072); Dave Brady, “Clay Defends Muslim Policy, Says Integration Is Wrong,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, Feb. 3, 1964, p. II-3;
Miami Herald
, Feb. 7, 1964;
Louisville Courier-Journal
, Feb. 7, 1964, p. II-6; Hauser,
Muhammad Ali
, p. 66.

MacDonald briefly canceled the fight: Ali,
The Greatest
, pp. 102-15.

Clay's open association: George Plimpton, “Miami Notebook: Cassius Clay and Malcolm X,”
Harper's
, June 1964, pp. 54-61.

three of fifty-eight ringside reporters: ADW, Feb. 26, 1964, p. 1.

flattened his previous three opponents:
Sports Illustrated
, Feb. 24, 1964, p. 18.

sent a feature writer: Hauser,
Muhammad Ali
, p. 69.

“heart attack”:
Jet
, March 12, 1964, p. 40.

retreat into Malcolm X's motel room:
Sports Illustrated
, March 9, 1964, pp. 26-27; Perry,
Malcolm
, pp. 247-49; Hauser,
Muhammad Ali
, pp. 105-6.

Malcolm hosted singer Sam Cooke: SAC, Miami, to Director, March 9, 1964, FMX-89; New York report dated June 18, 1964, FMX-125. See also Wolff,
You Send Me
, pp. 295-96.

accompanied by Malcolm X:
Louisville Courier-Journal
, Feb. 27, 1964, p. 1.

“Are you a card-carrying”: NYT, Feb. 27, 1964, p. 34.

“Followers of Allah”: Hauser,
Muhammad Ali
, p. 82.

“Muslim Story Irks Cassius”:
Louisville Courier-Journal
, Feb. 27, 1964, p. III-5.

stretched along South Wabash Avenue: Undercover police report, Feb. 27, 1964, RS, file No. 589, CHS.

“whipped the crowd of 4,000”: NYT, Feb. 27, 1964, p. 23 (FMXNY-4229). The undercover officer in ibid. reported that the frenzied crowd leapt to its feet during the speech of Louis X, “and it took a few minutes to restore order so that the speaker could continue.”

“I have been given”: Goldman,
Death and Life
, p. 131.

Clay indeed was his follower: ADW, Feb. 28, 1964, p. 4;
Miami Herald
, Feb. 28, 1964, p. C1; undercover police report, Feb. 27, 1964, RS, file No. 589, CHS.

Clay at breakfast with Malcolm:
Sports Illustrated
, March 9, 1964, p. 54.

glowingly of his conversation: ADW, March 1, 1964, p. 5.

“A rooster crows”: NYT, Feb. 28, 1964, p. 22.

stunned the sportswriters: Hauser,
Muhammad Ali
, pp. 83-84, 103-5.

fn “will mean more”:
Sports Ilustrated
, March 9, 1964, p. 57.

“I don't want to be”: NYT, Feb. 28, 1964, p. 22.

“Malcolm X's Role”: NYT, Feb. 26, 1964, p. 39.

“Now's the time”: Int. Yusuf Shah (Captain Joseph) Oct. 17, 1991.

“Lukman X confessed the plot”: Int. Benjamin Karim, March 19, 1991; Malcolm X,
The Autobiography
, pp. 308-9; Goldman,
Death and Life
, p. 130; Perry,
Malcolm
, p. 250; Karim,
Remembering Malcolm
, pp. 159-160.

Hotel Theresa on Sunday: NYT, March 2, 1964, p. 36.

“Man, it was really a letdown drag”:
Jet
, March 20, 1964, pp. 50-57.

Clay might join him: CD, March 2, 1964, p. 10 (FMXNY-4133); Ted Poston, “Clay in Malcolm X's Corner in Black Muslim Power Fight,”
New York Post
, March 3, 1964, p. 4.

“Malcolm X got more requests”:
New York Post
, March 2, 1964, p. 48.

tour of the United Nations: NYT, March 5, 1964, p. 39; ADW, March 5, 1964, p. 7.

“I'm holding him down”: Wiretap log of March 4, 1964, FMXNY-4105.

supply another Muslim escort: Ibid.

extended his suspension: Malcolm X television interview by Joe Durso,
The World at Ten
, NY Channel 13, March 9, 1964, transcribed in NY FBI memorandum dated April 10, 1964, FMXNY-4346, p. 4; NYAN, March 14, 1964, p. 1.

sent Minister Louis X: Wiretap conversation of March 9, 1964, transcribed in SAC, Phoenix, to Director, March 12, 1964, FEM-NR, p. 1.

“regardless of circumstances”: Ibid.

Malcolm called reporters: NYT, March 9, 1964, p. 1;
New York Post
, March 9, 1964, p. 4.

“There can be no revolution”: Ibid. Also CDD, March 10, 1964, p. 3.

“Debate on Civil Rights Bill”: NYT, March 9, 1964, p. 1.

“Now It's a Negro Drive”:
U.S. News & World Report
, March 30, 1964, p. 38.

“See, the mistake”: Malcolm X interview by Joe Durso,
The World at Ten
, NY Channel 13, March 9, 1964, transcribed in NY FBI memorandum dated April 10, 1964, FMXNY-4346, p. 13.

“You don't just walk away”: Wiretap transcript of Muhammad telephone interview, March 10, 1964, from SAC, Chicago, to Director, March 12, 1964, FMXNY-4120, p. 2.

“must give up everything he has”: Wiretap transcript of telephone conversation, March 9, 1964, in SAC, Phoenix, Airtel to Director, March 12, 1964, FEM-NR, p. 2.

“preserve the faith”: Wiretap transcript of telephone conversation, March 10, 1964, in SAC”. Chicago, to Director, March 13, 1964, FMXNY-4236, p. 3.

“Joseph led a grim delegation”: Int. Yusuf Shah (Captain Joseph), Oct. 17, 1991.

notarized letter: Wiretap transcript of telephone conversation, March 13, 1964, in SAC, Chicago, to Director, March 20, 1964, FMXNY-4246, pp. 1, 3.

personal sympathy for Malcolm: Int. Benjamin Karim, March 19, 1991.

press conference at the Tapestry Suite: NY LHM dated March 13, 1964, FMX-NR; NYT, March 13, 1964, p. 20; Breitman, ed.,
Malcolm X Speaks
, pp. 18-22; Goldman,
Death and Life
, pp. 133-36.

“As of this minute”: Breitman, ed.,
Malcolm X Speaks
, p. 20.

“His Theme Now”:
U.S. News & World Report
, March 23, 1964, p. 56.

“The Ominous Malcolm X”:
Life
, March 20, 1964, p. 40.

“embittered racist”: NYT, March 14, 1964, p. 22.

“Negroes Ponder Malcolm's”: NYT, March 15, 1964, p. 46.

“It is regrettable”: MLK statement dated March 16, 1964, A/KP15f16; MLK trip cited in ibid.

“Whom do you think you are kidding”: NYAN, Dec. 14, 1963, p. 1.

Malcolm's provocative implication: Asked by Robinson why he had not gone to the funeral of Medgar Evers, Malcolm had replied in an open letter, “When I go to a Mississippi funeral, it won't be to attend the funeral of a black man!” CD, Dec. 7, 1963, p. 10.

Robinson charged: CD, Nov. 22, 1963, p. 10;
New York Herald Tribun
, April 26, 1964, p. 10.

Malcolm X cheerfully agreed: CD, Dec. 7, 1963, p. 10.

Russell praised Ali: “New Champ Cassius Clay,” news release dated March 2, 1964, Box 106, Claude Bennett Papers, CHS;
Miami Herald
, Feb. 29, 1964.

“so intolerant, so narrow-minded”: ADW, March 29, 1964, p. 8;
Jet
, April 9, 1964, p. 56.

Racial Relocation Commission:
Congressional Record
, March 16, 1964, pp. 5337-52.

disguised as journalists: SAC, New York, to Director, March 26, 1964, FMX-NR.

“I don't think I'm dumb enough”: Goldman,
Death and Life
, p. 135.

agents identified only four: New York LHM, March 13, 1964, FMX-NR.

“You just don't buck Mr. Muhammad”: Malcolm X,
The Autobiography
, p. 409.

readymade wife: “'Tis Rumored Clay May Marry Muhammad's Granddaughter,” news release dated March 4, 1964, Box 106, Claude Bennett Papers, CHS; PC, March 7, 1964, p. 4;
California Eagle
, March 12, 1964, p. 1.

Assistant Minister Benjamin 2X: Int. Benjamin Karim, March 11, 1991, March 19, 1991, and Aug. 31, 1991; Goldman,
Death and Life
, pp. 59-60.

maintaining Benjamin 2X as a spy: Report of Captain Joseph-Elijah Muhammad conversation of March 24, 1964, in SAC, Chicago, to Director, March 26, 1964, FEM-NR, p. 5.

“weak ones”: Ibid., pp. 2-3; SAC, Phoenix, to Director, March 27, 1964, p. 3.

“As far as being a leader”: Wiretap transcript of March 17, 1964, in SAC, Chicago, to Director, March 20, 1964, FMXNY-4246, pp. 8-12.

“only when the white man”: Boston LHM, April 3, 1964, FMX-NR, pp. 1-3;
Harvard Crimson
, March 19, 1964;
Boston Globe
, March 19, 1964.

“that no-good, long-legged Malcolm”: SAC, Phoenix, to Director, March 23, 1964, FMX-NR.

cut the heads off hypocrites: Ibid.

file eviction papers: Wiretap transcript of March 24, 1964, conversation, in SAC, Chicago, report to Director dated March 26, 1964, pp. 2-6.

“Malcolm X Tells of Death Threat”: NYAN, March 21, 1964, p. 50; PC, April 4, 1964, p. 1.

“Excuse me, brother minister” and temple dispute: Int. Benjamin Karim, March 19, 1991; int. Yusuf Shah (Captain Joseph), Oct. 17, 1991; int. Louis Omar, June 23, 1994.

foiled the attempted coup: Wiretap conversation of March 24, 1964, in SAC, Phoenix, to Director, March 27, 1964, FMXNY-4261, pp. 2-3.

Friday night at Madison Square Garden: Hauser,
Muhammad Ali
, pp. 102-5.

“As the Bureau can imagine”: SAC, Chicago, to Director, March 25, 1964, FMX-NR, p. 2.

forty converts from Temple No. 7: Ibid.

some twenty-six: SAC, Phoenix, to Director, March 27, 1964, FMXNY-4261.

“I do not have a court”: Report, SAC, Chicago, to Director, April 7, 1964, FMX-NR, p. 4.

19. S
HAKY
P
ULPITS

“I am from India”: Cunningham,
Agony at Galloway
, p. 48.

“It is not un-Christian”: Ibid., p. 5.

never mentioned integration: Ibid., pp. 68-69.

fn church lawyer Jack Pratt: Pratt memos of Jan. 15 and Feb. 20, 1964, A/ATb3; Kinoy,
Rights on Trial
, p. 212. Pratt's co-counsel was William Kunstler.

“tension so thick”: Cunningham,
Agony at Galloway
, p. 20-21.

“so high you could”: Ibid., p. 73.

cumulative emotional toll: Int. Edwin King, June 26, 1992.

public announcement of Freedom Summer: NYT, March 16, 1964, p. 26.

“Freedom Radio”: Moses to Forman, Goldman, Wright, Spike, Lowenstein, Goff, and Moore, March 2, 1964, b32f369, Lowenstein Papers, UNC.

Everett Parker: Cole,
The Reluctant Regulators
, pp. 63-66; Parker testimony, May 1, 1967, Vol. 5, Docket No. 16663, records of the Federal Communications Commission, NA; int. Charles Firestone, Oct. 24, 1990; int. Everett C. Parker, Jan. 2, 1991, and May 23, 1991.

banned all advertisement Cole,
The Reluctant Regulators
, p. 161.

request of Andrew Young: Int. Everett C. Parker, May 23, 1991; int. Andrew Young, Oct. 26, 1991.

7, 186 minutes: Draft petition dated April 8, 1964, NCC RG 6, b50f9, POH.

petition for the FCC: The voluminous record of the WLBT challenge is preserved as Federal Communications Commission Docket No. 1663, NA. See especially appellant brief dated Nov. 16, 1967, Vol. 13.

nearly half the viewing audience: Ibid. Also NYT, April 16, 1964, p. 75.

recognized no standing:
Office of Communication of United Church of Christ v. F.C.C
., 359 F2d 994 (1966), pp. 999-1000.