Russia (64 page)
Authors: Philip Longworth
Bulgaria, Bulgarians: and acceptance
of
reformed socialism,
293
; as agricultural area,
276
-
7
; and alignment with USA,
310
; humanitarian aid for,
221
; new state created,
222
; as part of the Russian sphere,
263
Bunak, Dr V.,
8
Buriats,
134
,
209
,
216
,
272
; Buriat-Mongols,
245
Burma,
269
Byzantine Empire,
1
,
28
,
179
; and imperial court/idea,
40
; influence on Russia,
34
-
40
,
44
; and introduction of laws, literacy and political philosophy,
39
-
40
; markets,
23
; missionizing legacy of,
80
; and
pronoia/pomestie
system,
73
; and Russian conversion/Christianization process,
27
,
31
,
35
,
36
-
7
,
38
-
40
; trade with,
27
,
30
,
33
,
36
; see also
Constantinople
Byzantium,
22
,
319
;
see also
Greece, Greeks
Cambodia,
269
Cantemir, Dmitrie,
157
Casimir, King of Poland-Lithuania,
68
,
72
,
73
,
77
,
81
Caspian Sea,
1
,
22
,
23
,
30
,
44
,
93
,
112
,
150
,
160
,
173
,
200
,
222
,
307
,
310
,
314
,
325
Castro, Fidel,
270
Catherine II (Catherine the Great),
150
,
169
,
177
; and annexation of Crimea,
179
-
82
; central administration of,
184
; condition of Russia under,
178
; enlightened principles of,
184
-
7
; extension of Russian power under,
187
-
9
; Greek Project,
179
; and partition of Poland,
178
-
9
,
182
-
4
; regional policies,
184
-
7
Catholic Church/Papacy,
36
,
59
,
100
,
127
; and election of a Polish Pope,
284
; extreme clericalism of,
266
; frontierlands of,
183
; Great Schism,
62
,
86
; missionizing campaign of,
308
; relationship with Orthodox Church,
Catholics,
141
; Polish,
66
,
103
,
183
,
196
,
218
,
283
-
4
; and Uniate Church of Ukraine,
113
,
183
Caucasus,
151
,
307
,
325
; conquest of,
190
—
1
; continued presence in,
325
; expansion into, I,
87
,
92
,
113
,
320
; federalist solution for,
198
; importance of,
95
; and the Kalmyks,
145
; Khazars in,
27
-
8
; Muslim tribesmen in,
94
; people from,
15
,
17
,
25
; Russian advance into,
187
,
203
; and Second World War,
257
,
271
; settlement of,
180
; strongholds in,
112
; terror tactics in,
199
-
200
; trade with,
18
,
44
; uprisings in,
222
; and the Vikings,
23
; wild tribes of,
168
,
197
CENTO,
269
Central Asia,
176
,
278
,
307
,
308
,
314
,
320
,
325
,
326
;
administration of, [97,
216
,
217
,
244
; and Christianity,
216
; close ties with Russia,
308
,
317
; economic backwardness of,
271
—
2
; imperialist power in,
162
,
172
; and the Kalmyks,
145
; people of,
25
; railways in,
222
-
3
; Russian expansion into,
1
,
151
,
158
-
60
,
168
; and Second World War,
238
,
256
; and the Tatars,
51
; trade routes in,
22
Cetinje,
221
Charlemagne,
27
Charles XII, King of Sweden,
153
,
154
-
5
,
156
Charter of Nobility (1785),
186
Chechen Island,
200
Chechens,
94
,
180
,
191
,
200
-
5
,
207
,
243
,
245
,
256
,
259
,
271
,
304
,
325
,
326
Chechnya,
191
,
273
,
307
-
9
,
310
,
313
Cheka,
239
-
40
;
see also
Federal Security Bureau; KGB; NKVD
Cheliabinsk,
251
Cheliadnia, Boyar F.M.,
66
Cheremis (Maris),
25
,
48
,
69
,
187
,
216
,
245
Chernenko, Konstantin,
284
Chernigov,
33
,
42
,
43
,
46
,
52
,
70
,
118
,
144
,
178
Chernomyrdin, Viktor,
304
,
306
,
308
Chiang Kai-shek,
267
Chile,
278
Chimkent,
216
China,
1
,
51
,
96
,
132
-
3
,
159
,
209
,
223
,
225
-
6
,
230
,
261
,
267
,
270
,
277
-
8
,
278
,
313
,
314
,
316
,
317
,
321
,
326
Chinese Communist Party;
267
Chingiz Khan,
46
Christianity,
27
; Byzantine Commonwealth of,
39
; and eradication of pre-Christian beliefs,
21
; introduction of,
34
-
7
,
38
-
40
Chuds,
25
Chuikov, General,
257
Churchill, Sir Winston,
253
,
263
; Iron Curtain speech (1946),
266
Chusovaia river,
96
cities
see
towns/cities
Civic Forum,
292
Clausewitz, Karl Maria von,
194
climate: effect on social life,
116
—
17
; and the environment,
6
-
7
,
115
-
17
; and global warming,
6
,
19
,
319
; Ice Age,
5
,
6
,
16
; influence on settlements, societies
15
-
17
,
18
; Little Ice Age,
115
-
17
; and Russian temperament,
16
-
17
Clinton, Bill,
312
code of law
(Russkaia pravda),
40
Collective Rapid Deployment Force,
326
College of Justice
see
Government Departments
colonizers, colonization,
2
,
48
,
214
; of Crimea,
180
-
2
; forest,
19
-
20
; in great Perm region,
96
-
7
; in Siberia,
176
-
7
;
see also
explorers, exploration
Communism, Communists,
244
,
261
,
264
,
273
,
281
,
288
,
292
,
309
-
10
,
313
Communist Party,
243
,
244
,
267
,
268
,
270
,
276
,
279
,
283
,
286
,
299
Congress of Berlin (1878),
222
Conrad of Mazovia,
77
Constantine, Grand Duke,
196
,
218
Constantine I, Emperor,
34
Constantine (son of Catherine the Great),
179
Constantine (son of Vsevolod
III),
45
Constantine VII, Emperor,
28
,
33
,
36
Constantinople,
25
,
50
,
73
,
80
,
222
,
262
;
Cathedral of St Sophia,
35
,
51
,
57
;
changing fortunes of,
51
; fall of,
68
;
Constantinople
(continued)
Mamas quarter,
30
; Monastery of St George,
57
-
8
; pilgrimages to
57
-
8
; rise of,
27
; sack of,
64
; trade with,
30
; Viking raid on,
28
-
9
;
see also
Byzantine Empire; Byzantium; Istanbul
constitution: changes in,
305
-
6
; as federal multinational socialist,
244
-
6
; and idea of federalism,
198
; and promise of democracy,
231
—
2
; reform of,
197
-
9
,
289
Convention of Berlin (1833),
208
Cossacks,
94
-
5
,
97
,
113
,
118
,
155
,
170
,
180
,
209
,
227
,
259
; discontentment amongst,
138
-
9
; divisions and differences,
143
-
4
; increased population of,
227
; as intrepid explorers,
131
-
2
; invasion of Poland,
140
; loss of support for Tsar,
236
; massacre by Kamchadales,
161
; origins of,
78
; and pride in loyal service,
185
; protest against Polish influence/rule,
114
; relationship with Russia,
93
; and storming of Azov,
136
; swear allegiance to the Tsar,
140
-
1
; and war against Poland,
141
Council of Ferrara/Florence,
64
,
66
,
68
,
71
,85
Courland, Duke of,
156
annexation of,
178
; campaigns in,
38
,
147
,
148
,
151
,
168
,
171
,
172
; colonization programme for,
180
-
2
; lines of communication to,
172
; as Tatar khanate,
66
;
transfer to Russia,
180
Crimean Tatars,
99
,
104
,
143
,
145
,
187
,
256
,
271
,
273
Crimean War (1853-
6
),
1
,
207
,
209
-
10
,
222
Cuban missile crisis (1961),
271
Cumans,
42
Cyprus,
315
Czartoryski family,
183
Czech Republic,
15