Russia (68 page)

Milev, L.,
17

Minin, Kuzma,
125

Ministry of Finance
see
Government Departments

Ministry for War see Government Departments

Minsk,
297

Mirza Din-Ahmed,
93

missionaries,
22
,
36
,
39
-
40
,
80

Mitaev, AH,
243

Mithridates, King of Pontus,
17

Mniszech, Jerzy,
118
,
119

Mogilev,
154

Moldavia,
157
,
192
,
276

Moldova,
317

Molotov, Viacheslav,
246
,
263

monastic movement: and attraction of political centres,
61
; boom in,
50
; as colonization movement,
60
—
1
; and land ownership,
61
; origins,
59
-
60
; popularity of wilderness monasteries,
60

Mongolia,
270
,
321

Mongols,
45
-
7
,
70
,
134
,
176
,
179
,
319
;
see

also
Tatars

Montenegro,
221

Montesquieu, Charles de Secondat,

Baron de la Brède et de,
322

Mordv,
48
,
187

Moscow, Grand Principality of Muscovy,
44
,
171
,
241
,
269
,
297
,
325
; ascendancy

of,
319
; attacks on,
62
-
5
,
66
,
104
,
121
,
122
; bubonic plague in,
141
—
2
; occupied by Napoleon,
193
-
5
; as capital of Soviet Union,
244
; copper riot in,
143
; expansionist policy,
112
; loyalty of provincial nationality elites to,
245
; origins,
48
; power of,
67
,
68
; and princely strife,
49
; railway connections,
213
—
14
; reasons for growth,
52
-
3
; Red Square,
119
-
20
; Russia’s relationship with the Cossacks,
95
; relative importance of,
51
,
52
-
3
; sacked by Tatars,
60
; as seat of Russian Orthodox Church,
50
,
54
,
56
,
60
-
1
; taxation riots in,
139
; territorial expansion,
69
-
74
,
80
; as ‘Third Rome’,
1
,
85
; threatened by Nazis,

255,
256
;
see also
Vladimir-Moscow

Moscow Province,
187

Mozambique,
278

Mozhaisk,
65

Muhammed-Amin,
79

Munich Agreement (1938),
253

Miinnich, Marshal,
172

Muravev-Amurskii, Count N.N.,
217

Murid creed,
203

Murmansk,
238
,
254

Muscovy, Grand Principality of Moscow,
53
,
319
—
20
; apanage system in,
61
-
2
,
80
; central/local government,
91
; crisis in,
99
-
106
; development of,
65
-
7
; domestic policies,
109
; economic disasters,
115
-
17
; and emergence of imperialism,
87
—
107
; and extension/strengthening of government authority,
70
—
4
; foreign relations of,
74
-
8
; foundation of,
55
; implication of conquest,
95
—
7
; innovations and changes,
87
—
8
; legacy of,
126
—
7
; and military development,
78
—
9
; Moscow as new power base,
50
; piety in,
57
—
61
; political fractiousness in,
67
; political upheavals in,
117
-
26
; princely rise in,
53
-
5
; regional policies,
110
—
11
; religious problems and concerns,
62
,
64
,
82
-
3
,
89
-
90
,
108
-
9
,
113
-
14
; struggles against restive neighbours,
62
-
5
; Tatar power in,
48
—
51
; teritorial/imperial expansion,
68
-
70
,
81
,
91
-
4
,
97
-
8
,
112
-
13
;
see also
Moscow; Vladimir-Moscow, Grand Principality of

Musketeer Office
(Posolskii prikaz),
109

Muslims
see
Islam

Mussorgsky, Modest,
112

Muster Office
(Razriad),
73
,
148

Nadir Shah,
174

Nagoi family,
112
,
114
,
115
,
118

Nagorno-Karabakh,
286

Nakhichevan,
204

Napoleon Bonaparte,
188
,
190
,
192
-
5
,
198

Narva,
81
,
98
,
153
,
154
,
156

Nasser, Gamal Abdel,
278

NATO,
269
,
276
,
277
,
294
,
307
,
308
,
313
,
314
,
315
,
317
,
321
,
324

navy,
151
—
2
,
164
,
166
,
209
; armed rising in,
240
; base in Adriatic,
270
; base in the Crimea,
180
; foreign influence on,
172
; neglect of,
171
-
2
;
successes,
172

Nazis,
259
,
265
,
266
,
298

Nehru, Pandit,
269

Nelson, Horatio,
209

Nemirov, Ambassador,
170

Nerl river,
44

Neva river,
45
,
151
,
153
,
176

New Russia
(Novorossiia),
181
,
193
,
198

Nganasans,
176

Nicholas I,
196
,
204
,
211
,
225

Nicholas II,
224
,
225
,
231
,
320
; character faults,
232
-
3
; incompetence of,
235
-
6

Nikon Chronicle,
90

Nizhnii-Novgorod,
60
,
62
,
125
,
213
-
14
,

251 Nkrumah, Kwame,
278

NKVD (principle Soviet secret police force),
267

Nogai Tatars,
75
,
84
,
92
,
179
-
80

Nogais,
145

North Cape,
97

North Korea,
278

North Vietnam,
270
,
278

Northern Alliance,
314

Northern Dvina,
63

Novgorod,
23
,
24
,
28
,
31
,
33
,
38
,
41
,
47
,
55
,
62
,
65
,
69
,
72
-
3
,
80
,
148
; capture of,
124
; expansion of,
44
; and the
oprichnina,
103
-
4
; relative importance of,
52
-
3
; Tatar census of,
49
;

untouched by Tatars,
57

Novgorod-Seversk,
118

Novo-Pavlovsk,
171

Novorossiisk,
210

Novosiltsov, N. N.,
197
-
8

Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty,
277

Nystad, Treaty of
156

Ob river,
69
,
280

Obruchev, Nikolai,
229
-
30

Ochakov,
171

Oder river,
262

Odessa,
204
-
5

Odyssey,
17

Okhotsk,
161
,
162

Old Ladoga,
23

Oleg (grandson of Riurik),
29
,
30

Oleg (son of Vladimir Monomakh),
43

Olga/Helen (widow of Igor),
27
,
31
,
32
,
34
-
7

Olgerd of Lithuania,
55
,
56

Oliphant, Laurence,
209

Onega, Lake,
156

Opium Wars (1840-
2
),
209

Ordyn-Nashchokin, Afanasii,
147

Orel,
144

Orenburg,
159
—
60
,
173
-
6
,
244

Orient,
19
,
23
,
27
,
44
,
47
,
226

Orthodox Church,
319
; and conversion/Christianization under Grand Prince Vladimir,
38
-
40
; established in Moscow,
50
,
54
,
56
,
60
-
1
; finances of,
126
; increased authority of,
109
; independence of,
66
,
109
; and judaizer ‘heresy’,
82
; missionary campaigns,
187
; monastic foundations,
59
—
61
; no official existence in Lithuania,
113
; opposition to the
oprichnina,
103
; persecution of,
178
; in Poland,
183
; and prospect of Latinization,
123
—
4
; as refuge for peasants,
60
; relationship with Ivan the Terrible,
99
-
101
; relationship with the Papacy,
62
,
64
; relationship with princes,
62
,
66
;
role/wealth of,
49
; in Serbia,
204
; support for,
114
; in Ukraine,
143

Ossetia, Ossetians,
94
,
191
,
317
,
325

Ostermann, Andrei,
169
-
70

Ostiaks (Khanty),
69
,
96
,
273

Ostroumov, N.,
216

Ostrozhsky, Prince Konstantin,
113
-
14

Otrepev, Grigorii,
118

Ottoman Empire,
95
,
99
,
108
,
143
,
170
,
179
,
204
,
206
,
210
,
221
,
320

Ottoman Turkey, Ottoman Turks,
64
,
70
,
94
,
168
,
187
-
8
,
189
,
205
,
221

Pacific,
1
,
4
,
97
,
151
,
160
,
162
,
168
,
208

Pakistan,
269
,
278
,
326

Pale
of
Settlement,
181

Paleologue family/dynasty,
70
-
1

Pallas, Peter,
200
,
201

Palmerston, Henry John Temple,
3
rd Viscount,
206

Pamir mountains,
222

pan-Slavism,
219
-
20
,
222

Panin, Count Nikita,
179

Panjshir mountains,
279

Papacy
see
Catholic Church/Papacy

Paskevich, General Ivan,
204

Passchendaele,
235

Patrikeev, Prince I. Iu.,
66

Paul, Emperor,
177
,
188

Paul II, Pope,
71

Paul V, Pope,
123

Paulus, General Friedrich von,
258

Pavlov, General D.,
253
,
256

Pearl Harbor,
257

Pechenegs,
29
,
38
,
46

Pelym,
110

Penza,
198

Pereiaslav,
44
,
46
,
140

Pereiaslavets,
37

Pereiaslav-Zalesskii,
51

Perekop,
171
,
178

Perm,
124

Pernau,
156

Perovskaia, Sofia,
228

Persia
see
Iran

Persia, Shah of,
223

Perun (pagan god of thunder),
38
,
39

Petelin, Druzhina Foma,
111

Peter I (Peter the Great),
4
,
168
-
9
,
321
; accession,
151
; Balkan expedition,
157
—
8
; and building of St Petersburg,
150
,
157
; campaigns of,
151
—
2
; Central Asian ambitions,
158
—
60
; childhood,
151
; distrust of Ukrainian Cossack elite,
162
—
3
; expansionist policies,
150
—
1
,
163
-
6
,
168
; female successors to,
169
; as joint ruler with his brother,
146
,
147
,
151
; mythic status of,
150
-
1
; political liaisons,
156
—
7
; and Siberia,
160
—
2
; war with Sweden
152
-
6