Russia (69 page)
Authors: Philip Longworth
Peter II,
169
Peter III,
169
Petitions Office,
148
Petr, Metropolitan of Kiev,
50
,
54
,
56
Philotheus (Filofei) of Pskov,
85
Photius, Patriarch of Constantinople,
63
Phrygia,
17
Pimen, Metropolitan,
103
Pizarro, Francisco,
89
Plettenberg, Walter von,
81
Pleven,
222
Plovdiv,
222
Poland, Poles,
1
,
6
,
9
,
15
,
77
,
85
,
121
,
124
,
125
,
146
,
166
,
169
,
170
,
183
,
231
,
234
,
265
,
269
,
276
,
294
,
295
,
298
,
325
; as catalyst for Russian recovery,
123
-
6
; ceding of territory to Russia,
147
; economic problems in,
285
; erased from the map of Europe,
168
; German invasion of,
254
; hostility towards,
94
; insurrection in,
2
—
18
; loss of,
190
; nationalism in,
275
; partition of,
178
-
9
,
182
-
4
; possible truce with,
85
; attempted Russification of,
218
-
19
; Solidarity movement in,
284
; transition to freedom,
290
; treaty with,
128
,
148
; and union with Lithuania,
103
; uprisings in,
196
—
7
; war with,
122
—
6
,
128
,
136
,
137
,
138
-
45
Poland-Lithuania,
66
,
70
,
79
,
80
,
98
,
101
,
108
Polotsk,
41
Polovtsians,
42
Poppel, Nicholas,
77
population,
43
-
4
,
48
,
49
,
96
,
283
; additions to,
217
; census data,
248
,
253
; decline in,
312
,
315
; drift north and east,
48
,
52
; ethnic/linguistic configurations,
272
—
4
; genetic studies,
6
,
8
-
10
; increase in,
61
,
105
, no,
165
,
177
,
208
,
214
,
226
-
8
,
324
; migrations,
9
-
10
,
58
,
117
,
130
; mix,
164
,
187
; mortality rates,
248
—
50
,
304
; nomads,
17
—
18
; physiological characteristics,
9
; as rural-based,
246
; size of,
129
,
161
Portugal,
157
Potemkin, Prince Grigorii,
181
,
191
Pozharski, Prince Dmitrii,
125
‘Prague Spring’,
275
Preservation of Civil Rights (1722),
161
Presniakov, A.E.,
67
Pripet Marshes,
9
Prokofiev, Sergei,
246
pronoia/pomestie
system,
73
Pruth river,
158
Pskov,
44
,
53
,
55
,
62
,
65
,
68
,
72
,
81
,
84
,
116
Pugachev, Ye.,
185
Pushkin, Aleksandr,
112
,
165
,
196
-
7
Putin, Vladimir,
311
,
313
,
326
; domestic and foreign policies,
314
-
18
; as interim President,
313
—
15
; managed democracy under,
316
-
17
; popularity of,
314
Putivl,
118
Radio Free Europe,
268
Rasht,
174
Ratzinger, Cardinal,
308
Razin, Stepan,
200
Red Army,
240
,
244
,
254
; hardware/capacity,
253
;
see also
army; Second World War; White army
Renfrew, Sir Colin,
14
Rhalli family (Byzantine migrants to Russia),
75
Richelieu, Due de,
205
Riurik the Viking,
2
,
4
,
28
,
29
,
39
Riurik’s town
see
Kiev
Rokossovskii, Marshal K.K.,
257
Roman Empire, later
see
Byzantine Empire
Roman, Prince of Volhynia,
45
Romania, Romanians,
157
,
181
,
219
,
221
,
222
,
253
,
255
,
263
,
264
,
265
,
275
,
277
,
283
,
292
,
310
Romanov Empire,
320
; disintegration of,
1
; as epitome of power and aggression,
1
; establishment of,
1
; expansion of,
1
,
168
-
9
;
see also
named Tsars eg. Alexander I; Alexis; Catherine II (Catherine the Great); Nicholas I; Peter I (Peter the Great) etc. Romanov, Boyar Fedor Filaret, Patriarch of Moscow,
122
,
123
,
126
Romanov, Tsar Michael,
126
Romanov family,
114
,
115
,
126
,
157
Rome,
27
;
see also
Catholic Church/Papacy
Rondeau, Claudius,
168
Rublev, Andrei (painter),
50
Russia: advance halted,
210
; advantages of,
324
-
6
; anti-revolutionary stance of,
208
; authoritarian measures in,
315
-
16
; change of regime in,
312
-
15
; civil wars,
1
,
117
-
23
,
238
-
9
; clash with Chechens,
306
-
9
,
313
; and cost of transition to democracy,
304
-
6
; and democracy,
322
; early chroniclers of,
2
,
5
; economic improvements in,
322
-
3
; effect of climate and landscape on,
322
; emergence of state,
25
-
6
; foreign interest in its distress,
124
-
5
; foreign view of,
177
; and free market policies,
302
-
4
; imperial collapse,
1
; international alliances,
231
; international standing of,
306
-
7
; invasion of,
1
; Islamic links,
51
; loss of European predominance,
222
; managed democracy in,
316
-
17
; Poland as catalyst for recovery,
123
-
6
; political coherence of,
53
-
7
; power of,
321
-
2
; Presidential campaigns in,
309
—
10
; prospects for,
323
—
6
; recognised as European power,
146
; recovery/revival of,
1
-
2
,
50
-
1
,
128
-
49
,
317
-
18
; and rise of provincial nationalism,
219
; ruble crisis in,
311
—
12
; social/industrial problems,
227
-
8
; status of,
323
; Tatar exploitation of,
49
—
50
; territorial reductions,
302
,
321
; and terrorism,
231
,
314
,
317
; as threat to British interests,
205
-
8
; and treaty of ‘eternal peace’,
128
; use of imperial symbol,
304
-
5
; vulnerability of,
322
Russia Company,
174
Russian imperialism: and adoption of double-headed eagle,
3
,
75
,
87
,
220
-
1
; development of,
4
,
68
-
70
; and dilemma of devolvement or centralization of power,
197
-
9
; expansion of,
169
-
70
; and foreign policy,
74
-
8
; language issues,
218
-
21
; origins of,
2
-
3
; phoenix-like nature of,
2
; reversal in,
212
-
13
; Russification policies,
184
-
5
,
218
-
21
; spread of
204
—
5
; and territorial acquisition,
71
-
4
; understanding of,
2
;
see also
empire building
Russian Revolution,
238
,
254
; events leading up to,
233
—
7
Russia-America Company,
188
Russians,
24
,
46
; ancestors of,
10
; character of,
21
; European by descent,
5
-
6
; identity, patriotism and nationalism,
86
,
127
,
247
,
259
; intermarriage of,
25
; prejudice against blacks,
25
; shaped by climate and ecology,
25
; and shaving of beards,
85
-
6
; tolerance of strangers,
25
; and trade with the Vikings,
24
-
5
Russification policy: application of,
186
—
7
; counter-productivity of,
218
—
19
; a n d language issues,
183
,
219
—
20
; and nationalist movements,
219
-
21
; and Poland,
184
,
218
-
19
; and regional administration,
184
—
5
; and Ukraine,
184
-
5
; a n d uniform centralism,
184
; and Volga region,
186
—
7
;
see also
foreign relations
Russo-Japanese War (1904),
1
,
230
-
1
Russo-Persian Treaty (1827),
204
Rutskoi, Aleksandr,
305
Safavid dynasty,
160
St Gabriel
(ship),
162
St Petersburg,
150
,
171
,
172
,
191
,
197
,
311
; Academy of Sciences,
175
; attitude towards Poland,
218
; and control of Kazakhs,
160
; creation of,
157
; and killing of peaceful demonstrators in,
231
,
233
; New Year’s Day (1740) spectacle,
176
; origin/development of,
153
-
4
; railway connections,
213
—
14
; Winter Palace,
231
,
233
;
see also
Leningrad
St Petersburg Council
(Soviet)
of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies,
236
Saint-Cyr, General,
193
Salang Pass,
279
Samarkand,
222
Sarkel,
22
Sarmatians,
18
Sarts,
217
Saudi Arabia,
307
Scandinavia,
27
Schalk, Colonel Gottlieb von,
137