Six Wives (124 page)

56.
Letters of the Queens
, ed. Crawford, p. 199 (
LP
XII ii, 889).

57.
Works of . . . Wyatt
, ed. Nott, II, pp. 320 –1 (
LP
XII ii, 890).

58.
Wriothesley's Chronicle
I, pp. 65–7.

59.
Wriothesley's Chronicle
I, p. 68;
LP
XII ii, 911.

60.
Lisle Letters
, ed. Byrne, IV, p. 174; (
LP
XII ii, 923);
LP
XII ii, 939.

61.
Wriothesley's Chronicle
I, p. 69;
Lisle Letters
, ed. Byrne, IV, p. 428 (
LP
XII ii, 988).

62.
St. P.
I, p. 572 (
LP
XII ii, 970).

63.
St. P.
I, p. 573 (
LP
XII ii, 977).

64.
LP
XII ii, 971; 1060.

Part Three: The Later Queens

1.
Lisle Letters
, ed. Byrne, V, pp. 491, 615–16, 665 (
LP
XIV i, 1014; XIV ii, 22, 284).

2.
Lisle Letters
, ed. Byrne, V, p. 666;
CSP Sp
. VI i (1538–1542), p. 468.

3. Emden,
Biographical Register . . . Oxford 1501–1540
, pp. 26 –7.

4. Amyot, 'Memorial from George Constantyne', pp. 56 –78.

5. Ibid., pp. 59–61.

6. R. McEntegart, 'England and the League of Schmalkalden, 1531–1547', (University of Cambridge Ph.D. dissertation, 1992), pp. 259–79, 288;
LP
XIII ii, 444; Amyot, 'Memorial from George Constantyne', pp. 62–3.

7. Lehmberg,
Later Parliaments
, pp. 65–6, 68–74, 82–3; 31 Hen. VIII, c. 14;
Statutes
III, pp. 739– 43.

8. McEntegart, 'England and the League of Schmalkalden', pp. 319– 45; Amyot, 'Memorial from George Constantyne', pp. 56, 58.

9. Amyot, 'Memorial from George Constantyne', pp. 58, 75.

Anne of Cleves

1. R. McEntegart, 'Fatal Matrimony: Henry VIII and the Marriage of Anne of Cleves' in Starkey, ed.,
Henry VIII: a European Court
, p. 140.

2.
LP
XIV i, 103, 103/2.

3.
St. P.
I, pp. 604 –5 (
LP
XIV i, 552).

4.
St. P.
VIII, pp. 6 –7 and note 1 (
LP
XII ii, 1187).

5. Rowlands,
Holbein
, pp. 116 –17, 145;
Inventory of King Henry VIII
, ed. Starkey, pp. 237 (no. 10580), 240 (no. 10706), 384 (no. 15391).

6.
LP
XIV, i, 103/2;
St. P.
I, pp. 604 –5 (
LP
XIV i, 552).

7.
LP
XIV i 490; A.B. Chamberlain,
Hans Holbein the Younger
, 2 vols. (London, 1913), II, pp. 174 –5; McEntegart, 'Fatal Matrimony', pp. 140,

142 (plate XI.2).

8.
Commons
III, pp. 92–6; F.G. Emmison,
Tudor Secretary: Sir William Petre
at Court and Home
(London, 1961), p. 43;
LP
XIV i, 1193.

9. Chamberlain,
Holbein
II, pp. 175–6;
LP
XIV ii, 781 (p. 312).

10. Amyot, 'Memorial from George Constantyne', pp. 60 –1.

11. Chamberlain,
Holbein
, p. 176; Strickland,
Lives of the Queens
, III, pp. 35–60 (
LP
XIV ii, 33).

12.
LP
XIV ii, 117.

13.
St. P.
I, p. 605.

14.
LP
XIV ii, 153, 187; PRO, OBS 1419.

15.
House of Commons
, ed. Bindoff, II, pp. 27–9;
LP
XIV ii, 201.

16.
LP
XIV ii, 187, 200, 286.

17.
LP
XIV ii, 258, 309; Starkey (ed.),
Henry VIII
, p. 149.

18.
LP
XIV ii, 356, 388.

19. Ibid., 634.

20. Ibid., 347, 674; XV, 14 (p. 4);
St. P.
VII, pp. 208–9 (
LP
XIV ii, 677).

21.
St. P.
VII, pp. 212–13.

22.
LP
XIV ii, 685; Strype,
Ecclesiastical Memorials
VI, p. 213.

23.
LP
XIV ii, 718.

24.
LP
XV, 14 (p. 4).

25.
LP
XIV ii, 754; XV, 10; MacCulloch,
Cranmer
, 261.

26.
Wriothesley's Chronicle
I, pp. 109–10.

27. Ibid.; Strype,
Ecclesiastical Memorials
VI, pp. 215–16.

28. Strype,
Ecclesiastical Memorials
VI, pp. 214 –16.

29. Burnet,
History of the Reformation
IV, pp. 424 –5 (
LP
XV, 823).

30.
Wriothesley's Chronicle
I, pp. 110 –11; Burnet,
History of the Reformation
IV, p. 425.

31. Burnet,
History of the Reformation
IV, pp. 425–6;
LP
XV, 861/2(ii).

32. Burnet,
History of the Reformation
IV, pp. 427.

33. Hall,
Chronicle
, pp. 836 –7.

34. Thurley,
Royal Palaces
, pp. 236 –7.

35. Burnet,
History of the Reformation
IV, p. 427.

36. Strype,
Ecclesiastical Memorials
VI, pp. 220 –1; Burnet,
History of the
Reformation
IV, p. 430.

37. Strype,
Ecclesiastical Memorials
VI, pp. 221–2.

38.
Original Letters
, ed. Ellis, 2nd series II, p. 166 (
LP
XV, 776).

39.
LP
XIV ii, 634; XV, 215–16.

40. Burnet,
History of the Reformation
IV, p. 428.

41. Strype,
Ecclesiastical Memorials
VI, pp. 213, 217–8.

42.
Wriothesley's Chronicle
I, pp. 112.

43.
LP
XV, 541.

44.
Wriothesley's Chronicle
I, pp. 116 –17;
Commons
, I, pp. 734 –5; III, pp. 297–301; R.M. Warnecke,
The Marrying of Anne of Cleves
(Cambridge, 2000), pp. 183– 4.

45.
Original Letters Relative to the English Reformation
, ed. H. Robinson, 2 vols. (Parker Society, Cambridge, 1846 –7), I, pp. 201–2.

46.
LP
XV, 737.

47. Ibid., 766, 804, 770; MacCulloch,
Cranmer
, p. 270.

48. 32 Hen. VIII, no. 52 (
LP
XV, 498/60).

49. Burnet,
History of the Reformation
IV, p. 429.

50.
LP
XVI, 578;
Original Letters
, ed. Robinson, I, pp. 201–2; Warnecke,
Anne
of Cleves
, pp. 184 –5.

51. Warnecke,
Anne of Cleves
, pp. 184 –5;
LP
XV, 848.

52. A.W. Bouterwek, 'Anna von Cleve',
Zeitschrift des Bergischen

Geschichteverein
54 (Bonn, 1869), pp. 170 –2; Kelly,
Matrimonial Trials
,

pp. 268–9. I owe the translation of the documents printed in
Zeitschrift

to Dr Rory McEntegart.

53.
Original Letters
, ed. Ellis, 2nd series II, p. 159 (
LP
XV, 845); Bouterwek, 'Anna von Cleve', pp. 172–75.

54.
Original Letters
, ed. Ellis, 2nd series II, p. 159;
LP
XV, 823– 4, 860 –1; Strype,
Ecclesiastical Memorials
VI, pp. 210 –222; Burnet,
History of the
Reformation
IV, pp. 431–9; Kelly,
Matrimonial Trials
, pp. 268–9.

55. Bouterwek, 'Anna von Cleve', pp. 172–75;
HMC Rutland
, 4 vols. (1888–1905), I, p. 27 (
LP
XV, 844).
LP
XV, 844 is undated. It cannot belong to the 6th as
LP
followed by Warnecke assumes (p. 231) – though Warnecke also reuses it, unawares, in her account (p. 238) of the events of the 8th (
recte
the 9th and 10th)! Instead, I have assigned it to the night of the 9th–10th which fits with Harst's account. An annotation on the extant copy at Belvoir (
HMC Rutland
I, p. 27) also dates the encounter as occurring on the night of the 9th, the letter itself being written the following ('the present') morning by Rutland.

56.
St. P.
VIII, p. 405 (
LP
XV, 908);
LP
XV, 925.

57.
St. P.
I, pp. 637–8 (
LP
XV, 872);
Letters of the Queens
, ed. Crawford, pp.

204 –5.

58.
LP
XV, 908, 925.

59. Ibid., 874 dated to 14 July by
LP
XV, 925/ii.

60.
St. P.
I, 643–5;
LP
XV, 925.

Catherine Howard

1. L.B. Smith,
A Tudor Tragedy: the Life and Times of Catherine Howard
(New York, 1961), pp. 37, 39– 41, 43– 4.

2. Smith,
Tudor Tragedy
, pp. 44 –5.

3. GEC IX, p. 615; Smith,
Tudor Tragedy
, pp. 44 –5.

4. Smith,
Tudor Tragedy
, p. 45.

5. PRO, SP 1/167, fos. 135, 135v, 138v (
LP
XVI, 1321).

6. Burnet,
History of the Reformation
IV, p. 249.

7. PRO, SP 1/167, fo. 130 (
LP
XVI, 1320).

8. Burnet,
History of the Reformation
IV, p. 251; PRO, SP 1/167, fo. 136 (
LP
XVI, 1321).

9. PRO, SP 1/167, fos. 136v–137; (
LP
XVI, 1321). This letter is several times referred to in sworn depositions; e.g.
LP
XVI, 1400.

10. PRO, SP 1/167, fo. 137 (
LP
XVI, 1321).

11.
LP
XVI, 1469.

12.
LP
XIV ii, 572 (p. 203); Burnet,
History of the Reformation
IV, p. 252.

13.
LP
XVI, 625, 632, 1359; XVII, app. 10; Burnet,
History of the Reformation
IV, p. 252.

14.
LP
XVI, 901, 1409/1;
Letters
, ed. Robinson, I, pp. 201–2 (
LP
XVI, 578);
Wriothesley's Chronicle
I, pp. 121–2.

15.
Zurich Letters
, ed. Robinson, I, pp. 201–2 (
LP
XVI, 578);
LP
XVI, 1409/3.

16.
Wriothesley's Chronicle
I, p. 123;
Correspondance Politique de Mm. de Castillon

et de Marillac
, ed. J. Kaulek (Paris, 1885), pp. 213, 223 (
LP
XV, 976; XVI,

60).

17.
Correspondance Politique
, ed. Kaulek, p. 218 (
LP
XVI, 12); PRO, OBS 1419. But the motto was not, contrary to widespread opinion, complemented by the badge of a 'rose without a thorn'. Like so many entrenched errors about Henry's Queens, the story originates with Agnes Strickland (
Lives
of the Queens
III, p. 122) and it has been repeated, with less excuse, by her many successors (e.g. Fraser,
Six Wives
, pp. 331–3). Strickland's authority is a coin, supposedly issued in Catherine's honour. She describes it as having the crowned royal arms and the cipher 'HR' for 'Henricus Rex' on the one side, and, on the other, a crowned rose with the motto: 'Rutilans rosa sine spina' ('the dazzling rose without a thorn') and the cipher 'KR' 'Katerina Regina'. In fact, such coins, known as Crowns of the Double Rose, and worth five shillings, had been issued since Wolsey's recoinage of 1526. They indeed bore ciphers in honour of Henry's first three Queens: 'HK' for Henry and Catherine (of Aragon); 'HA' for Henry and Anne Boleyn and 'HI' for Henry and Jane Seymour. But after Jane's death, and in the absence of a Queen for over two years, the cipher became simply 'HR', which it remained till the end of the reign. Probably the coin described by Strickland is in fact one of those struck in honour of Catherine of Aragon (capital 'H', 'K' and 'R' are very similar in form in Tudor lettering and it is easy to confuse them). And, at any event, the rose badge and motto 'Rutilans rosa sine spina' refer to Henry himself, and not to any of his Queens. C.A. Whitton, 'The Coinage of Henry VIII and Edward VI in Henry's name: Part 2',
British
Numismatic Journal
26 (1949–51), pp. 171–212, esp. pp. 172–3. Thus the rose has nothing to do with Catherine and the motto has nothing to do with her supposed blemishlessness either. This reading of the evidence is confirmed by M. Siddons,
Heraldic Badges of England and
Wales
(forthcoming). Dr Siddons finds that Catherine, unlike Henry's other wives, seems to have displayed no personal badge.

18.
Correspondance Politique
, ed. Kaulek, p. 218 (
LP
XVI, 12).

19.
LP
XVI, 223; BL, Stowe MS 559, fos. 55–58v (
LP
XVI, 1389); G. Reynolds,
The Sixteenth and Seventeenth-Century Miniatures in the
Collection of Her Majesty The Queen
(London, 1999), no. 6.

20.
LP
XV, 901;
Wriothesley's Chronicle
I, pp. 119–20.

21.
CSP Sp
. VI i (1538–1542), p. 305 (
LP
XVI, 436).

22.
LP
XVI, 449;
CSP Sp
. VI i (1538–1542), pp. 305–6.

23. MacCulloch,
Cranmer
, pp. 272– 4.

24.
PPC
VII, pp. 105–7 (
LP
XVI, 422, 424);
LP
XVI, 423;
Commons
II, pp. 105–7, 240 –1.

25.
PPC
VII, pp. 105, 107.

26.
LP
XVI, 466, 515, 516;
Commons
III, pp. 249–52.

27.
Correspondance Politique
, ed. Kaulek, pp. 262–3 (
LP
XVI, 467).

28.
St. P.
VIII, p. 546 (
LP
XVI, 660).

29.
CSP Sp
. VI i (1538–1542), p. 314 (
LP
XVI, 662).

30.
Wriothesley's Chronicle
I, p. 124.

31.
CSP Sp
. VI i (1538–1542), p. 314 (
LP
XVI, 662).

32.
LP
XVI, 314.

33.
CSP Sp
. VI i (1538–1542), p. 324 (
LP
XVI, 835);
HKW
IV, pp. 14 –15.