The Arch Conjuror of England (50 page)

17.
BL MS Lansdowne 102, fo. 18r.

18.
Ibid., fo. 20r–v.

19.
Ibid., fo. 24r–v, Cecil to Smith, 27 February 1563; W. Camden,
Annals of Queen Elizabeth
(1635), p. 44.

20.
Jones, ‘Defining Superstitions’, pp. 197–9, on 5 Eliz. I, c. 15, 16.

21.
TNA KB 8/40, SP 12/31/13, Prestall to Cecil, 30 November 1563; SP 12/238/73, 76; TNA C 3/135/18.

22.
The Examination of the constant Martyr of Christ, John Philpot … as in these particular tragedies following, it may … most manifestly appear
(1556), fos. 67v–68r.

23.
Ibid., fos. 97v–98v.

24.
Winthrop S. Hudson,
The Cambridge Connection
(Cambridge, 1980); Devorah Greenberg, ‘Community of the Texts: Producing the First and Second Editions of
Actes and Monuments
’,
The Sixteenth-Century Journal
, xxxvi, 3 (2005), pp. 695–715.

25.
W. Nicholson, ed.,
Remains of Edmund Grindal
(Cambridge, 1858), pp. 226–7.

26.
TNA SP 12/16/49; Hughes and Larkin,
Tudor Royal Proclamations
, ii, p. 126, Article 32 in ‘Injunctions for Religion’.

27.
Foxe,
Actes and Monuments
(1563), pp. 1,458–65, at p. 1,462.

28.
Ibid., pp. 1,444–5.

29.
5 Eliz., c. xvi.

30.
Lawrence Stone,
The Crisis of the Aristocracy
(Oxford, 1967), pp. 22–5; James A. Sharpe,
Defamation and Sexual Slander in Early Modern England: The Church Courts at York
(Borthwick papers no. 58, York, 1980), pp. 1–3; M. Lindsay Kaplan,
The Culture of Slander in Early Modern England
(Cambridge, 1997), pp. 11–25.

31.
MP
, sig. Aiv–Aiir.

32.
Roberts and Watson,
Catalogue
, p. 4; Peter J. French,
John Dee
(London, 1972), pp. 4–8; Frances Yates,
The Occult Philosophy in the Elizabethan Age
(London and Boston, 1979), pp. 101–9.

33.
MP
, sig. Aiiiv.

34.
BLO MS Ashmole 1789, fos. 51v–52r;
Memorials
, sig. [delta] 3r–v.

35.
BLO, MS Ashmole 1789, fo. 52r, contr.
Memorials
, sig. [delta] 3v.

36.
BLO, MS Ashmole 1789, fos. 51v–52v;
Memorials
, sig. [delta] 3r–v.

37.
BL MS Harley 286, fo. 37r; BL MS Lansdowne 99, fos. 245r, 244v, 245v, 249r.

38.
BLO, MS Ashmole 1789, fos. 51v–52r;
Memorials
, sig. [delta] 2v–3r.

39.
CR, pp. 507, 519;
Memorials
, sig. e 1r–v.

40.
Catholic Record Society,
Miscellanea
, 7 (1911), pp. 52–3.

41.
Tudor Subsidy Rolls
, ed. Lang, no. 151;
CSPD Edward VI
, ed. Knighton, no. 171 (S.P. 10/5/18); ‘Churchwardens’ Accounts of St Dunstan in the East’, Guildhall Library MS 4887, pp. 145–8; TNA C 1/1221/74.

42.
Guildhall Library MS 4887, pp. 150, 152, 163, 165, 166–8, 170.

43.
The Register of St Dunstan in the East,
ed. A.W.H. Clarke (Harleian Society Registers, vol. 69, London, 1939), p. 127.

44.
TNA C 3/49/44, C 54/500.

45.
Stukeley Correspondence
, ii (Surtees Society, vol. 76, London, 1883), p. 319, long demolished.

46.
TNA C 3/49/44, c.1565, describing Dee ‘of Mortlake'; TNA SP 12/186/91; TNA E 179/185/310; TNA C 1/1221/74; BL MS Add. 70984, fo. 255r.

Chapter 7: Hunting for the Philosopher's Stone

1.
Patrick Collinson,
Elizabeth I
(Oxford, 2007); Ian Archer, ‘Smith, Sir Thomas (1513–1577)’,
ODNB
, Oxford University Press, September 2004; online edn, January 2008 [
http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/25906
]; Mary Dewar,
Sir Thomas Smith: A Tudor Intellectual in Office
(London, 1964).

2.
TNA SP 15/20/89, Nicholas Houel to Burghley, Paris, Oct. 1571; Peter Razell, ed.,
The Journals of Two Travellers in Elizabethan and Early Stuart England, Thomas Platter and Horatio Busino
(London, 1995), p. 25; Jayne Archer, ‘“Rudenesse itselfe she doth refine”: Queen Elizabeth I as Lady Alchymia’, in A. Connolly and L. Hopkins, eds,
Goddesses and Queens: The Iconography of Queen Elizabeth I
(Manchester, 2008), pp. 45–66, at p. 51; Jane A. Lawson, ‘This Remembrance of the New Year: Books Given to Queen Elizabeth as New Year's Gifts’, in Peter Beal and Grace Ioppolo, eds,
Elizabeth I and the Culture of Writing
(London, 2007), pp. 133–72, at pp. 151–2; TNA C66/973, C 66/970, C54/1763; HMC
Pepys
, p. 111, HMC
Salisbury
i, pp. 350–1; HEHL MS EL 6206B fo. 44r; BLO MSS Ashmole 1447, Pt. VII, p. 30, Ashmole 1402, Pt. II.

3.
Hartley,
Proceedings in the Parliaments of Elizabeth I
, ii, p. 32.

4.
Edmund Lodge,
Illustrations of British History
, 3 vols. (London, 1838) iii, p. 515.

5.
Roy Strong,
Gloriana, the Portraits of Queen Elizabeth I
(London, 1987), pp. 79–81; Hatfield House MSS CP 88/89, CP 119/8, CP 26/96.

6.
John Nichols,
The Progresses and Public Processions of Queen Elizabeth
, 3 vols. (London, 1823), i, p. 324.

7.
Strong,
Gloriana
, pp. 82–3.

8.
Lyndy Abraham,
A Dictionary of Alchemical Imagery
(Cambridge, 2001), pp. 133–4, 143–4.

9.
TNA SP 70/146, p. 44.

10.
The Journals of Two Travellers … Thomas Platter
, p. 35.

11.
Strong,
Gloriana
, p. 82, Ernst Kantorowicz,
The King's Two Bodies
(Princeton, 1997), pp. 385–401, 413–15, 510; BLO MS Ashmole 1394, p. 75: ‘De Lapide Philosophico seu de Phenice’.

12.
Nichols,
Progresses of Queen Elizabeth
, i. p. 379; T.H. White,
The Bestiary: A Book of Beasts
(New York, 1960), pp. 182–4; Edward Topsell,
The Elizabethan Zoo
(Boston, 1979), pp. 108–15.

13.
BLO MS Ashmole 1421, fos. 168v–169v, 171v–172r, 191r; and see below, p. 111, and Abraham,
Dictionary of Alchemical Imagery
, p. 152.

14.
See below, pp. 240–1.

15.
MH
, p. 139.

16.
BL MS Lansdowne 703, fos. 48r–49v; Allan Pritchard, ‘Thomas Charnock's Book dedicated to Queen Elizabeth’,
Ambix
, 26 (1), March 1979, pp. 56–73. Printed in Elias Ashmole,
Theatrum Chemicum Britannicum
(1652).

17.
BL MS Lansdowne 703, fo. 45r; Richard Harvey,
An astrological discourse upon the great and notable coniunction of the two superiour planets, Saturne & Iupiter, which shall happen the 28 day of April, 1583
(London, 1583), sig. A3r.

18.
BL MS Lansdowne 703, fo. 7v; Pritchard, ‘Thomas Charnock's Book’, p. 59. Others believe Dee practised ‘purified’ magic: Frances A. Yates,
Giordano Bruno and the Hermetic Tradition
(London, 1964), pp. 107, 80; Peter J. French,
John Dee
(London, 1972); Wayne Shumaker,
Renaissance Curiosa
(Binghamton, 1982), pp. 15–20; Clulee,
Dee's Natural Philosophy
, pp. 211–12; Deborah Harkness,
John Dee's Conversations with Angels: Cabala, Alchemy, and the End of Nature
(Cambridge, 1999), p. 40.

19.
BL MS Lansdowne 703, fos. 43v–44r.

20.
Ibid., 703, fos. 51r–v, 45r–47r; Pritchard, ‘Thomas Charnock's Book’, p. 58.

21.
BL MS Lansdowne 703, fos. 3r, 21v, 16r, 24v, 37v.

22.
Ibid., fos. 22r, 24v.

23.
Ibid., fos. 8r, 9v, 39r.

24.
Pritchard, ‘Thomas Charnock's Book’, p. 56, and F.S. Taylor, ‘Thomas Charnock’,
Ambix
, 2 (1946), pp. 148–76, at pp. 151, 172, from BLO MS Ashmole 1445, part VIII (G), fo. 38. Part VI is a treatise on the philosopher's stone dedicated to Elizabeth by Edward Cradock, Oxford Divinity Reader; BL MS Lansdowne 703, fo. 51r.

25.
Ibid., title page, inscribed ‘William Burleigh de B/A. Sir Robert Cicil'; Hatfield House MS CP 271/1.

26.
Taylor, ‘Thomas Charnock’, p. 151; Pritchard, ‘Thomas Charnock's Book’, p. 56.

27.
John de la Noy was Mercer to the Queen (
The Visitation of Surrey, 1662–8
[Harleian Society, vol. 60, London, 1910], p. 71).

28.
MH
, Theorem XXI;
CSP Foreign, 1564–5
, p. 267, Cornelius de Alneto to Cecil, from Bruges, 22 December 1564; TNA SP 12/36/12, de Lannoy to Elizabeth, 7 February 1565.

29.
CSP Foreign, 1564–5
, p. 267;
MH
, pp. 137, 161, 171–5, 189; TNA SP 12/36/13, de Lannoy to Elizabeth, 9 February 1565; Thomas Tymme,
A Light in darknesse, which illumineth for all the Monas hieroglyphica of the famous and profound Dr John Dee, Discovering natures closet and revealing the true Christian secrets of Alchimy
(London, 1610), pp. 27–8; TNA SP 15/13/23; BLO MS Ashmole 1486, Pt. IV, p. 15.

30.
TNA SP 15/13/23.

31.
CSP Foreign, 1564–5
, p. 267.

32.
Hatfield House MS CP 271/1; C. Kitching, ‘Alchemy in the Reign of Edward VI: An Episode in the Careers of Richard Whalley and Richard Eden’,
Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research
, 44 (1971), pp. 308–15; D. Gwyn, ‘Richard Eden: Cosmographer and Alchemist’,
The Sixteenth-Century Journal
, 15 (1984), pp. 13–34.

33.
BL MS Lansdowne 101, fos. 17r–20r.

34.
BL MSS Lansdowne 121, fos. 11r–125v, Lansdowne 69, fo. 137r–v. Eden became secretary to the Vidame of Chartres, another noble alchemist (TNA SP 70/146, p. 62).

35.
TNA SP 12/36/12,13; SP 12/37/3, Armigall Waad's account, 12 August 1565; Hatfield House MS CP 154/146.

36.
TNA SP 12/39/39, SP 12/40/32.

37.
TNA SP 12/40/32.

38.
HMC
Salisbury
i, p. 330, no. 1091; Margaret Morison, ‘A Narrative of the Journey of Cecilia, Princess of Sweden, to the Court of Queen Elizabeth’,
Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
, n.s., 12 (1898), pp. 181–224, at pp. 213–14; HMC
Salisbury
, i, p. 325, no. 1072, p. 330. no. 1090; Hatfield House MSS CP 154/136, CP154/146.

39.
HMC
Salisbury
i., pp. 332–3, no. 1104.

40.
TNA SP 12/39/39, Waad to Cecil and Leicester, 7 March 1566.

41.
TNA SP 12/42/70, Waad to Cecil, 8 pm 28 May 1566.

42.
TNA SP 12/40/32, Waad to Cecil and Leicester, 19 July 1566, SP 12/39/88, de Lannoy to Cecil and Leicester, ? July 1566, SP 15/13/23. II, Waad's translation.

43.
BL MS Lansdowne 9, fo. 191r–192v, TNA SP 12/42/30.

44.
W. Murdin,
A Collection of state papers relating to affairs in the reign of Queen Elizabeth
(London, 1759), p. 763. Deborah Harkness, ‘Strange Ideas and English Knowledge: Natural Science Exchange in Elizabethan London’, in
Merchants & Marvels
:
Commerce, Science and Art in Early Modern Europe
, eds Pamela Smith and Paula Findlen (New York and London, 2002), pp. 137–60, at p. 151; Longleat House, MS DU/I, fo. 209r, petition of Barbara de Lannoy, after Feb. 1571.

45.
Cecil to Norris, late July 1568, in
Cabala, sive scrinia sacra
(London, 1691), p. 139. In March 1568 Lucas de Hallye and Cornelius de Hooghe received licences to practise a ‘secret science’ but not multiply gold (TNA SP 12/46/60).

46.
TNA SP 12/37/3, Waad to Cecil, 12 August 1565.

47.
TNA C 3/135/18, transcript for Cecil in BL MS Lansdowne 87, fo. 100r–101r.

48.
TNA SP 12/39/74, Pembroke to Cecil, 21 May 1566;
CPR Elizabeth I, iv, 1556–9
, p. 136, no. 880; Murdin,
Collection of state papers
, p. 763.

49.
Heidelberg University Library, Cod. Pal. Germ. 598. Minor authorial changes from the 1564 text. R&W 1625 to 1634 are German dictionaries but the only one extant (#1625) Dee purchased in London in 1568.

50.
PA
, p. 128, on additions to Theorem 18.

51.
Ibid., pp. 134–5, 148–9, and n. to Theorem 52, p. 224.

52.
Ibid., pp. 160–1, 162–5, and n. to Theorem 77, pp. 230–1, suggesting Psalm 12:6 as an inspiration; ibid., p. 187, Theorem 109.

53.
CR, pp. 518–19.

54.
Ibid., p. 519. Dee noted ‘our friend’ Grudius's death in 1569 in Joseph Simler,
Epitome Bibliothecae Gesner
(1555) (R&W, 170), now BL 616.m.2; Grudius from Venice to Viglius in Brussels, 4 February 1570, in Wenen, Archiv des Ordens vom Goldenen Vliesze III, Burgundisch-spanisches Archiv, I. Abteilung Protokoll der Ordens Kapitel, Original vom Jahre 1540–1573, fos. 51, 4, 52, 1–3, read at
www.let.leidenuniv.nl/Dutch/Latijn/GMS6.html
.

Chapter 8: War Amongst the Alchemists

1.
Alford,
The Early Elizabethan Polity
, pp. 182–208; Neville Williams,
Thomas Howard, Fourth Duke of Norfolk
(London, 1964).

2.
Murdin,
Collection of state papers
, pp. 219, 226–7.

3.
BL MS Lansdowne 11, fo. 119r; Murdin,
Collection of state papers
, p. 535.

4.
Murdin,
Collection of state papers
, pp. 19, 86, 108, 121, 145, 208–9;
A Copie of a Letter lately Sent by a Gentleman, student in the Lawes of the Realme, to a frende of his concerning D. Story
(London, 1571), sig. A3r–v; W. Camden,
The History of Mary Queen of Scots
(London, 1636), sig. G7v–G8r.

5.
Murdin,
Collection of state papers
, pp. 538, 219, 226–7; TNA SP 12/71/61; Camden,
History of Mary
, sig. K1r–v; Camden,
Annals
, pp. 104, 130; TNA C 3/115/18, ‘the said Prestall is fugitive and meaneth to fly the realm of England’.

6.
Murdin,
Collection of state papers
, p. 538; TNA SP 12/71/61. Camden,
History of Mary
, sig. K1r–v.