The Arch Conjuror of England (54 page)

58.
David Scott, ‘William Patten and the Authorship of ?“Robert Laneham's letter” (1575)’,
English Literary Renaissance
, 7 (1977), pp. 297–306; Jane E.A. Dawson, ‘William Cecil and the British Dimension of Early Elizabethan Foreign Policy’,
History
, 74 (1989), pp. 196–216; HMC,
Salisbury
, viii, no. 52.

59.
Memorials
, p. 58; BL MS Cotton Vitellius C. VII, fos. 16r–17r, 13r–v; BL MS Add. 59681, pp. 31–7, 39, in MacMillan and Abeles,
John Dee
:
The Limits of the British Empire
, pp. 57–64, 65.

60.
BL MS Add. 59681, pp. 25–37; MacMillan and Abeles,
John Dee
:
The Limits of the British Empire
, p. 52; BL MS Harley 249, fo. 95v.

61.
Memorials
, p. 62 and sig. e 4v.

62.
BL MS Cotton Galba C. VI, ii, fo. 247r–v, and BL MS Harley 4943, fos. 428r–429r; Geoffrey Parker,
The Grand Strategy of Philip II
(New Haven and London, 1998), pp. 102–7.

63.
BL MS Cotton Galba C. V, fos. 372r–375v, on the attractions of the Protestant league.

Chapter 12: Defending Elizabeth against the Dark Arts

1.
Kervyn de Lettenhove,
Relations politiques
, ix, pp. 487–91.

2.
William Fleetwood to Burghley, first Sunday after Michaelmas 1577, in Thomas Wright,
Queen Elizabeth and her Times
, 2 vols (London, 1838), ii, p. 69; Edward Cheke to Davison, 19 September 1577, TNA SP 15/25/35.

3.
BL MS Harley 286, fos. 31r–32r, Burghley's memorandum of 15 September 1577.

4.
John Bossy, ‘English Catholics and the French Marriage’, pp. 2–16;
Leicester's Commonwealth
, ed. Peck, pp. 15–18; Thomas M. McCoog, ‘The English Jesuit Mission and the French Match’, pp. 185–213.

5.
Leicester's Commonwealth
, ed. Peck, p. 116.

6.
BLO MS Ashmole 487, August 1579, the Duke's secret visit (16–26 August), February 1580, Sir Edward Stafford's return from delivering the marriage treaty to Anjou (16 February),
February 1581, the arrival of Anjou's ambassadors (23 February), July 1581, the quarrel between Leicester and the Earl of Sussex over the match (12 July), and November 1581, Anjou's removal with Elizabeth to Whitehall (16 November –
sic
for 1 November), where they exchanged rings.

7.
Lake, ‘Edmund Grindal and Cuthbert Mayne’, pp. 140–2.

8.
TNA SP 12/118/12.I, in Quinn,
Enterprises of Sir Humphrey Gilbert
, p. 174.

9.
Remains of Edmund Grindal
, ed. Nicholson, pp. 392–5.

10.
BL MS Cotton Vitellius C. VII, fo. 7r, referring to 22, 24 and 28 November 1577 in BLO MS Ashmole 487, November 1577, with a sketch of the comet blazing across the top margin.

11.
Henry Howard,
A defensative against the poyson of supposed prophecies
(London, 1584), sigs. E4v–F1r, V4r, sig. X1v; Thomas Twyne,
A view of certain wonderful effects, of late days come to passe
(London, 1577), sigs. B2r–v, B4v, C4r.
Of the crinitall starre, which appeareth this October and November 1580
(London, 1580).

12.
CR, pp. 508, 516; TNA PROB 11/61, fos. 309v–310r; BLO MS Ashmole 487, July 1579.

13.
MacMillan, ‘John Dee and the Limits of the British Empire’, pp. 17–18; contrast MacMillan,
Sovereignty and Possession
, pp. 63, 56–7, on Frobisher and Gilbert.

14.
BLO MS Ashmole 487, 5 August 1578. Quinn,
Enterprises of Sir Humphrey Gilbert
, pp. 194–9.

15.
Historie Del S.D. Fernando Colombo
, sig. L5v; Sherman ‘John Dee's Columbian Encounter’, p. 136; Ramusio,
Navigationi et Viaggi
, vol. 3, fos. 27r, 84v; BL MS Add. 59681, pp. 68–72, in MacMillan and Abeles,
John Dee
:
The Limits of the British Empire
, pp. 93–7.

16.
Ibid., p. 24; BL MS Add. 59681, pp. 31–7, 39, in MacMillan and Abeles,
John Dee
:
The Limits of the British Empire
, pp. 57–64, 65.

17.
CR, p. 526; Leicester to Walsingham, 29 August 1578, Kervyn de Lettenhove,
Relations politiques
, x, pp. 772–3, in
CSP Foreign, 1578–9
, pp. 158–9; Elizabeth to Cobham and Walsingham, Bury St Edmunds, 9 Aug. 1578, BL MS Cotton Galba C. VI, ii, fo. 226v; Burghley to Cobham and Walsingham, same date and place, Kervyn de Lettenhove,
Relations politiques
, x, p. 710, and Wilson to Walsingham, Thetford, 9 Aug. 1578, ibid., pp. 710–11.

18.
Leicester to Walsingham, 29 August 1578, Kervyn de Lettenhove,
Relations politiques
, x, pp. 772–3, and
CSP Foreign, Elizabeth, 1578–9
, p. 159; Walsingham to Leicester, Louvain, 28 August 1578, BL MS Cotton Galba C. VI, ii, fo. 93r; Burghley to Walsingham, 31 August 1578,
CSP Foreign, Elizabeth, 1578–9
, p. 164.

19.
P. Collinson, ‘Pulling the Strings: Religion and Politics in the Progress of 1578’, in Jayne Elisabeth Archer, Elizabeth Goldring, and Sarah Knight, eds,
The Progresses, Pageants and Entertainments of Queen Elizabeth I
(Oxford, 2007), pp. 122–41, at p. 124; Lake, ‘Edmund Grindal and Cuthbert Mayne’, pp. 148–9.

20.
Ibid., p. 149; Collinson, ‘Pulling the Strings’, pp. 132–3.

21.
BLO MS Ashmole 487, 15 and 23 August 1578; Wilson to Walsingham, Norwich, 18 August 1578, in Kervyn de Lettenhove,
Relations politiques
, x, p. 742; Doran,
Monarchy and Matrimony
(London, 1996), pp. 150–2.

22.
Wilson to Walsingham, Norwich, 18 August 1578, Kervyn de Lettenhove,
Relations politiques
, x, p. 742; ibid., pp. 772–3, Leicester to Walsingham, 29 August 1578 (
CSP Foreign, Elizabeth, 1578–9
, pp. 158–9).

23.
APC
, x, p. 309;
Calendar of Letters and State Papers (Simancas)
, ii, p. 611.

24.
APC
, x, p. 309; CR, pp. 521–2.

25.
Calendar of Letters and State Papers (Simancas)
, ii, p. 611; CR, pp. 521–2; see e.g. BL MS Sloane 3846, fos. 95r, 98r for spells defending against witchcraft.

26.
APC
, x, pp. 310–13; Collinson, ‘Pulling the Strings’, pp. 132–3; Lake, ‘Edmund Grindal and Cuthbert Mayne’, p. 149; BLO MS Ashmole 487, 22 August 1578.

27.
TNA SP 15/25/113, Heneage to Walsingham, 2 September; Collinson, ‘Pulling the Strings’, pp. 133–5.

28.
APC
, x, p. 309.

29.
TNA SP 12/140/37.

30.
APC
, x, p. 322; TNA SP 12/140/37;
Calendar of Letters and State Papers (Simancas)
, ii, p. 611; Collinson, ‘Pulling the Strings’, p. 141.

31.
TNA SP 12/131/43;
APC
, x, pp. 322–8 ; ibid., xii, p. 162.

32.
Hatfield House MSS CP 202/148, 161/57, 161/59.

33.
CR, p. 522.

34.
Ibid., p. 522; London Metropolitan Archives, Court of Aldermen, Repertory 19, 28 September and 9 October 1578.

35.
Ibid., fos. 376r–378v.

36.
Ibid., fos. 379r–391v.

37.
BLO MS Ashmole 487, 8 and 13 October 1578.

38.
TNA SP 12/126/7; Camden,
Annals
, pp. 104, 146–7.

39.
TNA SP 12/126/7, Privy Council to Burghley, 12 October 1578; BL MS Lansdowne 25, fos. 146r–147r; Catholic Record Society,
Miscellanea III
(London, 1906), pp. 7–8; [R. Verstegan],
The Copy of a Letter lately written by a Spanishe gentleman to his friend in England
(Antwerp, J. Trognesius, 1589), sig. A4r–v.

40.
Camden,
Annals
, p. 205; Sir Harris Nicolas,
Memoirs of the Life and Times of Sir Christopher Hatton
(London, 1847), pp. 91–4.

41.
CSP Foreign, Elizabeth, 1572–4
, p. 493, no. 1398.

42.
TNA SP 12/126/40, Leicester to Burghley, 17 October 1578.

43.
APC
, x, pp. 373, 382; BL MS Harley 286, fo. 37r, Thomas Wilson to Leicester and Warwick, 13 November 1578.

44.
Ibid., fo. 37r.

45.
BLO MS Ashmole 487, 25 and 29 October 1578; Longleat House MS DU/II, fo. 197r.

46.
BLO MS Ashmole 487, 28 October 1578, 4 November; BL MS Cotton Vitellius C. VII, fo. 7v;
CSP Foreign, Elizabeth, 1572–4
, p. 493, no. 1398; cf. BL MS Lansdowne 27, fos. 90r–91v, Dr Antonio Fenot's advice; BLO MS Ashmole 1447, Pt. VII, p. 48; Pamela H. Smith, ‘Alchemy as a Language of Mediation at the Habsburg Court’,
Isis
, 85, 1 (March 1994), pp. 1–25 at p. 2.

47.
BLO MS Ashmole 487, 4 January 1579.

48.
[Verstegan],
The Copy of a Letter
, p. 7;
Stationers’ Register
, ed. E. Arber, 5 vols. (London, 1875–94), ii, pp. 339–40.

49.
J. Bodin,
De la Demonomanie des sorciers
(1580), sigs. E4v, Gg1r.

50.
APC
, xi, p. 22; Kieckhefer,
Forbidden Rites
, p. 87, on the method.

51.
[Verstegan],
The Copy of a Letter
, p. 7; TNA SP 12/178/74, SP 12/195/32.

52.
APC
, xi, pp. 102–3; Catholic Record Society,
Miscellanea III
, pp. 6–9; TNA SP 12/131/43;
APC
, xi, p. 212.

53.
TNA SP 12/126/10; Doran,
Monarchy and Matrimony
, pp. 161–2; TNA SP 12/276/102; Bossy, ‘English Catholics’, pp. 2–16; McCoog, ‘The English Jesuit Mission’, pp. 185–213.

54.
[Verstegan],
The Copy of a Letter
, p. 7; TNA SP 12/276/102, misdated 1600 in the
Calendar of State Papers Domestic
but clearly connected to 1578; Bossy, ‘English Catholics’, pp. 2–16, and McCoog, ‘The English Jesuit Mission’, pp. 185–213; TNA SP 12/186/91, 92.

55.
Holinshed's Chronicles
(London, 1587), pp. 1,314–15.

56.
BLO MS Ashmole 487, 22 June 1579.

Chapter 13: ‘The winking eye of Achitophel’

1.
TNA SP 12/178/74, SP 12/179/62, SP 12/195/30, 32, SP 12/202/54; Catholic Record Society,
Miscellanea III
, pp. 8–27, esp. p. 27. Ironically, Leicester released Prestall in July 1588, perhaps recognising his magical powers had potential against the Armada and his malaria (TNA SP 12/195/30, 32).

2.
Claire Cross,
The Puritan Earl: The Life of Henry Hastings, Third Earl of Huntingdon 1536–1595
(London, 1966), pp. 31, 34–5, 60.

3.
CR, p. 517.

4.
BL MS Lansdowne 31, fo. 30r–v.

5.
Ibid., fo. 31r.

6.
BL MS Lansdowne 99, fos. 244r–245v.

7.
See above, pp. 61–2.

8.
BL MS Lansdowne 99, fo. 245r.

9.
Ibid., fo. 248r; BLO MS Ashmole 487, October 1580.

10.
Doran,
Monarchy and Matrimony
, pp. 174–8; BL MS Cotton Vitellius C. VII, fo. 6r, CR, pp. 517–18; BL MS Lansdowne 94, fo. 120r–v;
CSP Spanish, iii, 1580–6
, p. 587.

11.
BL MS Lansdowne 99, fo. 247v.

12.
CR, pp. 517–18.

13.
CR, pp. 517–18; BLO MS Ashmole 487, 2 November 1580.

14.
BL MS Lansdowne 94, fos. 47r–51v;
A declaration of the causes mooving the Queene to give aide to the oppressed in the Lowe Countries
(London, 1585).

15.
BL MS Lansdowne 94, fos. 51r, 82r.

16.
TNA SP 15/31/35, Dee to Richard Young, Bremen, 20 August 1589.

17.
BL MS Lansdowne 99, fo. 245r; Clifford Dobb, ‘London's Prisons’,
Shakespeare Survey
, 17 (1964), pp. 87–100.

18.
BL MS Lansdowne 30, fos. 42r and 44r.

19.
Susan Doran,
England and Europe in the Sixteenth Century
(London, 1999), pp. 73–4, 93–5; Doran,
Monarchy and Matrimony
, pp. 189–90; BL MS Harley 249, fo. 95v.

20.
Doran,
Monarchy and Matrimony
, pp. 189–90; BL MS Harley 1582, fos. 38r–41r; Eva G. R. Taylor, ed.,
The Troublesome Voyage of Captain Edward Fenton
(London, 1959), and Elizabeth S. Donno,
An Elizabethan in 1582: The Diary of Richard Madox, Fellow of All Souls
(London, 1976); W. Noel Sainsbury, ed.,
Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series, East Indies, China and Japan, 1513–1616
(London, 1862), pp. 67–92.

21.
BLO MS Ashmole 487, July 1582.

22.
James McDermott, ‘Peckham, Sir George (d. 1608)’,
ODNB
, Oxford University Press, September 2004; online edn, January 2008 [
http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/21743
].

23.
George Peckham,
True reporte, of the late discoveries and possession
(London, 1583), sigs. D4r–E1r.

24.
BLO MS Ashmole 487, June 1578, not ‘King Maty’ as in
Diary
, ed. Halliwell, p. 4; R. Hakluyt,
Divers Voyages touching the discoverie of America
(London, 1582), sig. ¶ 1r; R. Hakluyt,
A Particuler Discourse … Known as the Discourse of Western Planting
[1584], eds. D.B. Quinn and A.M. Quinn (London, 1993), pp. 72–6.

25.
Hakluyt,
Principall Navigations
(1589), pp. 243–9, 485; BL MS Cotton Vitellius C. VII, fos. 264v–269v, printed in E.G.R. Taylor, ‘A Letter dated 1577 from Mercator to John Dee’,
Imago Mundi
, 13 (1956), pp. 56–68; MacMillan and Abeles,
John Dee:
The Limits of the British Empire
, pp. 85–7.

26.
T. Blundeville,
A Briefe Description of Universall Mappes and Cardes
(London, 1589), sig. C3r.

27.
BLO MS Ashmole 488, 4 April 1594. Dee wrote to Abbot ‘abowt my Arabike boke, Soyga’.

28.
George Abbot,
A Briefe Description of the whole worlde
(London, 1605), sig. Q1r–v; Kenneth Fincham, ‘Abbot, George (1562–1633)’,
ODNB
, Oxford University Press, September 2004; online edn, January 2008 [
http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/4
]; Rivkah Zim, ‘Sackville, Thomas, first Baron Buckhurst and first earl of Dorset (c.1536–1608)’,
ODNB
, Oxford University Press, Sept. 2004; online edn, May 2008 [
http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/24450
].