The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life (105 page)

Read The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life Online

Authors: Richard J. Herrnstein,Charles A. Murray

Tags: #History, #Science, #General, #Psychology, #Sociology, #Genetics & Genomics, #Life Sciences, #Social Science, #Educational Psychology, #Intelligence Levels - United States, #Nature and Nurture, #United States, #Education, #Political Science, #Intelligence Levels - Social Aspects - United States, #Intellect, #Intelligence Levels

BOOK: The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life

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Parameter Estimates

Term	Estimate	Std Error	ChiSquare	Prob>ChiSq
Intercept	−1.6785743	0.1460018	132.18	0.0000
zAFQT89	−0.6300049	0.1665952	14.30	0.0002
zSES	−0.1828877	0.1513393	1.46	0.2269
zAge	−0.4759393	0.127232	13.99	0.0002
PreBirthPov				A
[No−Yes]	−0.8178684	0.1266496	41.70	0.0000

Basic Analysis, Restricted to Women Below the Poverty Line in the Calendar Year Prior to Birth:

Whole-Model Test

Source	DF	-LogLikelihood	ChiSquare	Prob>ChiSq
Model	3	3.005867	6.011735	0.111041
Error	95	65.003329
C Total	98	68.009196
	RSquare (U)	0.0442
	Observations	99

Parameter Estimates

Term	Estimate	Std Error	ChiSquare	Prob>ChiSq
Intercept	−0.65306390	0.2901964	5.06	0.0244
zAFQT89	−0.76887410	0.3453889	4.96	0.0260
zSES	+0.17993445	0.2589166	0.48	0.4871
zAge	−0.13622880	0.2289764	0.35	0.5519

CHAPTER 9: WELFARE DEPENDENCY

DEPENDENT VARIABLE:
On welfare by the first calendar year after the birth of the child.

SAMPLE RESTRICTIONS:
Women with at least one child born prior to January 1, 1989.

Basic Analysis, Adding Poverty Status in the Year Prior to Birth (PreBirthPov) and Marital Status at the Time of the Birth (BStatus):

Whole-Model Test

Source	DF	-LogLikelihood	ChiSquare	Prob>ChiSq
Model	5	100.37993	200.7599	0.000000
Error	833	221.75844
C Total	838	322.13837
	RSquare (U)	0.3116
	Observations	839

Parameter Estimates

Term	Estimate	Std Error	ChiSquare	Prob>ChiSq
Intercept	−1.03594055	0.1713324	36.56	0.0000
zAFQT89	−0.57972844	0.1892548	9.38	0.0022
zSES	−0.06130137	0.1746782	0.12	0.7256
zAge	−0.11269946	0.1457313	0.60	0.4393
PreBirthPov
[No−Yes]	−0.89960808	0.1446041	38.70	0.0000
BStatus
[Illegit−Legit]	+1.05258560	0.1352006	60.61	0.0000

The High School Sample, Adding Poverty Status in the Year Prior to Birth (PreBirthPov) and Marital Status at the Time of theBirth (BStatus):

Whole-Model Test

Source	DF	-LogLikelihood	ChiSquare	Prob>ChiSq
Model	5	29.28354	58.56707	0.000000
Error	384	108.14153
C Total	389	137.42507
	RSquare (U)	0.2131
	Observations	390

Parameter Estimates

Term	Estimate	Std Error	ChiSquare	Prob>ChiSq
Intercept	−1.44834110	0.2659616	29.41	0.0000
zAFQT89	−0.60735910	0.3004261	4.09	0.0432
zSES	+0.12094082	0.3096641	0.15	0.6961
zAge	−0.24139690	0.2089849	1.33	0.2481
PreBirthPov
[No−Yes]	−0.67898980	0.223275	9.25	0.0024
BStatus
[Illegit−Legit]	+0.80812194	0.2058033	15.42	0.0001

The College Sample: Omitted.
Included no women who had received Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) within a year after the birth.

DEPENDENT VARIABLE:
On welfare for at least five years versus women with no welfare experience at all.

SAMPLE RESTRICTIONS:
Women with at least one child born prior to January 1, 1986. For women scored as “no welfare,” child born after December 31, 1977 and complete data on welfare receipt from 1978 to 1986.

Basic Analysis, Adding Poverty Status in the Year Prior to Birth (PreBirthPov) and Marital Status at the Time of the Birth(BStatus):

Whole-Model Test

Source	DF	-LogLikelihood	ChiSquare	Prob>ChiSq
Model	5	44.82635	89.65269	0.000000
Error	493	96.90156
C Total	498	141.72790
	RSquare (U)	0.3163
	Observations	499

Parameter Estimates

Term	Estimate	Std Error	ChiSquare	Prob>ChiSq
Intercept	−1.5840878	0.2826002	31.42	0.0000
zAFQT89	−0.5506878	0.2950687	3.48	0.0620
zSES	−0.4921959	0.2779368	3.14	0.0766
zAge	−0.1094338	0.2276355	0.23	0.6307
PreBirthPov
[No−Yes]	−0.7636358	0.2336359	10.68	0.0011
BStatus
[Illegit−Legit]	+1.1951879	0.205013	33.99	0.0000

The High School Sample, Adding Poverty Status in the Year Prior to Birth (PreBirthPov) and Marital Status at the Time of theBirth (BStatus):

Whole-Model Test

Source	DF	-LogLikelihood	ChiSquare	Prob>ChiSq
Model	5	13.898589	27.79718	0.000040
Error	251	48.695997
C Total	256	62.594585
	RSquare (U)	0.2220
	Observations	257

Parameter Estimates
Term	Estimate	Std Error	ChiSquare	Prob>ChiSq
Intercept	−1.7786656	0.3901684	20.78	0.0000
zAFQT89	−0.2301309	0.4429317	0.27	0.6034
zSES	−0.3131157	0.4832739	0.42	0.5170
zAge	−0.0377430	0.3173131	0.01	0.9053
PreBirthPov
[No-Yes]	−0.6891978	0.3355851	4.22	0.0400
BStatus
[Illegit-Legit]	+1.1068557	0.307595	12.95	0.0003

The College Sample:
Omitted. The cross-sectional College Sample included no women who were on chronic welfare within a year after the birth.

CHAPTER 10: PARENTING

DEPENDENT VARIABLE:
Did the mother smoke during pregnancy?

SAMPLE RESTRICTIONS:
None.

Basic Analysis:

Whole-Model Test
Source	DF	-LogLikelihood	ChiSquare	Prob>ChiSq
Model	3	84.6762	169.3523	0.000000
Error	2338	1443.8251
C Total	2341	1528.5013
	RSquare (U)	0.0554
	Observations	2342

Parameter Estimates
Term	Estimate	Std Error	ChiSquare	Prob>ChiSq
Intercept	−0.65729780	0.0465003	199.81	0.0000
zAFQT89	−0.63479220	0.0645408	96.74	0.0000
zSES	−0.13376440	0.0604787	4.89	0.0270
zAge	+0.09727632	0.0484283	4.03	0.0446

DEPENDENT VARIABLE:
Low birth weight (weight less than 5.5 pounds at birth).

SAMPLE RESTRICTIONS:
Excludes premature babies whose weight was less than 5.5 lbs. but was appropriate for gestational age.

Basic Analysis:

Whole-Model Test
Source	DF	-LogLikelihood	ChiSquare	Prob>ChiSq
Model	3	6.55199	13.10397	0.004417
Error	2273	349.79375
C Total	2276	356.34574
	RSquare (U)	0.0184
	Observations	2277

Parameter Estimates
Term	Estimate	Std Error	ChiSquare	Prob>ChiSq
Intercept	−3.40600010	0.1270004	719.25	0.0000
zAFQT89	−0.44308170	0.1496847	8.76	0.0031
zSES	+0.03312669	0.1492929	0.05	0.8244
zAge	+0.26896236	0.1226929	4.81	0.0284

Basic Analysis, Adding Poverty Status in the Year Prior to Birth (PreBirth-Pov):

Whole-Model Test
Source	DF	-LogLikelihood	ChiSquare	Prob>ChiSq
Model	4	9.09299	18.18599	0.001135
Error	1859	298.98002
C Total	1863	308.07301
	RSquare (U)	0.0295
	Observations	1864

Parameter Estimates
Term	Estimate	Std Error	ChiSquare	Prob>ChiSq
Intercept	−3.12509860	0.16455	360.69	0.0000
zAFQT89	−0.45583800	0.1674174	7.41	0.0065
zSES	+0.02995737	0.1628609	0.03	0.8541
zAge	+0.34292817	0.1342861	6.52	0.0107
PreBirthPov
[No-Yes]	−0.28644950	0.15725	3.32	0.0685

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