The Case for God (57 page)

40.
Deuteronomy 17:18–20; Levinson,
Deuteronomy
, pp. 138–43.

41.
Deuteronomy 11:21, 12:5.

42.
Clements,
God and Temple
, pp. 89–95; Barker,
Gate of Heaven
, pp. 7–8; S. David Sperling,
The Original Torah: The Political Intent of the Bible’s Writers
(New York and London, 1986), pp. 146–47.

43.
I
Kings 8:27.

44.
2 Kings 23:29.

45.
Exodus 3:14.

46.
Exodus 24:10–11.

47.
Exodus 33:22–23.

48.
Exodus 19:18; 24:15–17.

49.
Psalm 137:7–9.

50.
Elias J. Bickerman,
The Jews in the Greek Age
(Cambridge, Mass., and London, 1988), pp. 47–48.

51.
Ezekiel 1:1–2:15.

52.
Leviticus 17–26.

53.
Exodus 25–31; 35–38; 40.

54.
Exodus 29:46.

55.
Cross,
Canaanite Myth
, pp. 298–300; Clements,
God and Temple
, pp. 114–21.

56.
Cross,
Canaanite Myth
, 321.

57.
Andrew Mein,
Ezekiel and the Ethics of Exile
(Oxford and New York, 2001), p. 137.

58.
Leviticus 19:2.

59.
Leviticus 26:12.

60.
Leviticus 19:34. Jerusalem Bible translation.

61.
Mary Douglas,
In the Wilderness: The Doctrine of Defilement in the Book of Numbers
(Oxford and New York, 2001), pp. 25–26.

62.
Leviticus 1:1–3; Mary Douglas,
Leviticus as Literature
(Oxford and New York, 1999), pp. 68–69.

63.
Douglas,
Leviticus as Literature
, pp. 150–73.

64.
Leviticus 11:31–39, 43–44.

65.
Numbers 11:31–33.

66.
Genesis 1:2.

67.
Genesis 1:14–18.

68.
Genesis 1:21–22.

69.
Genesis 1:3, 11, 14.

70.
Mark S. Smith,
The Origins of Biblical Monotheism: Israel’s Polytheistic Background and the Ugaritic Texts
(New York and London, 2001), pp. 161–71.

71.
Genesis 1:31.

72.
Exodus 25–31, 35–40.

73.
Exodus 39:32, 43; 40:33; 40:2, 17; 31:3, 13.

74.
Isaiah 40:1.

75.
Isiaah 43:11, 12.

76.
Isaiah 11:15–16.

77.
Isaiah 46:1; see also Isaiah 45:21.

78.
Isaiah 42:13.

79.
Isaiah 41:17–24.

80.
Isaiah 41:12, 16; 51:23.

81.
Isaiah 42:1–4; 49:1–6; 50:4–9; 52:13–53:12.

82.
Isaiah 42:2–3.

83.
Isaiah 50:5–6, 9.

84.
Isaiah 52:13–53:5.

85.
Isaiah 49:6.

86.
Ezra 7:6, translated by Michael Fishbane, in
The Garments of Torah: Essays in Biblical Hermeneutics
(Bloomington and Indianapolis, 1989), p. 66.

87.
It is notoriously difficult to date this period. See Gosta W. Ahlstrom,
The History of Ancient Palestine
(Minneapolis, 1993), pp. 880–83; Elias J. Bickerman,
The Jews in the Greek Age
(Cambridge, Mass., 1988), pp. 29–32.

88.
Nehemiah 8:7–8. The Levites were second-ranking priests, serving those who were the direct descendants of Aaron, Moses’s brother.

89.
Ezra 10.

90.
Fishbane,
Garments of Torah
, pp. 64–65; Gerald L. Bruns, “Midrash and Allegory; the Beginnings of Scriptural Interpretation,” in Robert Alter and Frank Kermode, eds.,
The Literary Guide to the Bible
(London, 1987), pp. 626–27.

91.
Wilfred Cantwell Smith,
What Is Scripture? A Comparative Approach
(London, 1993), p. 290.

1.
Jonathan Barnes, ed. and trans.,
Early Greek Philosophy
(London and New York, 1987), pp. 55–80; Anthony Gottlieb,
The Dream of Reason: A History of Philosophy from the Greeks to the Renaissance
(London, 2000), pp. 4–20; Walter Burkert,
Greek Religion
, trans. John Raffan (Cambridge, Mass., 1985), pp. 305–11; Richard Tarnas,
The Passion of the Western Mind: Understanding the Ideas That Have Shaped Our World View
(New York and London, 1991), pp. 19–25; Oswyn Murray,
Early Greece
, 2nd ed. (London, 1993), pp. 247–51; Huston Smith, “The Western Way: An Essay on Reason and the Given,” in
Essays on World Religion
(New York, 1992), pp. 179–85.

2.
Jean-Pierre Vernant,
Myth and Society in Ancient Greece
, 3rd ed., trans. Janet Lloyd (New York, 1996), pp. 102–4,113; Burkert,
Greek Religion
, pp. 219–25.

3.
Burkert,
Greek Religion
, pp. 114, 152: S. L. Schein,
The Mortal Hero: An Introduction to Homer’s
Iliad (Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London, 1984), pp. 57–58.

4.
George Steiner, introduction to
Is Science Nearing Its Limits? Conference Convened by George Steiner
(Manchester, U.K., 2008), p. xvi.

5.
Barnes,
Early Greek Philosophy
, pp. 129–43; Tarnas,
Passion of the Western Mind
, pp. 20–21; Charles Freeman,
The Greek Achievement: The Foundation of the Western World
(New York and London, 1999), pp. 154–55; Gottlieb,
Dream of Reason
, pp. 51–64; Vernant,
Myth and Society
, pp. 98–99; Burkert,
Greek Religion
, pp. 310–11.

6.
Barnes,
Early Greek Philosophy
, pp. 242–89; Tarnas,
Passion of the Western Mind
, pp. 21–22; Freeman,
Greek Achievement
, pp. 105–6.

7.
Barnes,
Early Greek Philosophy
, pp. 81–89; Gottlieb,
Dream of Reason
, pp. 23–40; Burkert,
Greek Religion
, pp. 200–304.

8.
Gottlieb,
Dream of Reason
, pp. 123–25, 138–40; Burkert,
Greek Religion
, pp. 134–35, 200.

9.
Walter Burket,
Ancient Mystery Cults
(Cambridge, Mass., and London, 1986), pp. 7–9.

10.
Robert Parker,
Athenian Religion: A History
(Oxford and New York, 1996), pp. 97–100; Burkert,
Ancient Mystery Cults
, pp. 7–95; Burkert,
Homo Necans: The Anthropology of Greek Sacrificial Ritual and Myth
, trans. Peter Bing (Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London, 1983), pp. 248–97.

11.
Burkert,
Ancient Mystery Cults
, p. 78.

12.
Demetrius,
On Style 1
01, ibid., p. 79.

13.
Aristotle, fragment 15, ibid., p. 89.

14.
Dio of Prusa,
Oration 1
2.33, ibid., pp. 89–90.

15.
Plutarch, fragment 168, ibid., pp. 91–92.

16.
Ibid., p. 90.

17.
Cited ibid., p. 114.

18.
Xenophanes B.14, B.12, B.15 in Barnes,
Early Greek Philosophy
, p. 95.

19.
Xenophanes B.23, B.26, B.25, ibid., pp. 95, 97.

20.
Protagoras, fragment 4, in Tarnas,
Passion of the Western Mind
, p. 28.

21.
Aeschylus,
Agamemnon 1
77–84 in
Aeschylus: The Oresteia
, trans. Robert Fagles (Harmondsworth, U.K., 1976).

22.
Euripides,
Trojan Women
884–88 in John Davie, trans. and ed.,
Euripides: Electra and Other Plays
(London and New York, 1998).

23.
Euripides, fragment 1018, in Burkert,
Greek Religion
, p. 319.

24.
Plato,
Phaedrus
274e—275b. All quotations from
Phaedrus
are from “Phaedrus,” trans. Alexander Nehamas and Paul Woodruff, in John M. Cooper, ed.,
Plato: The Complete Works
(Indianapolis, 1997).

25.
Plato,
Phaedrus
275d—e.

26.
Plato,
Phaedrus
276e—277a.

27.
Plato,
Apology
21 d. All quotations from the
Apology
are taken from “Apology,” trans. G. M. A. Grube, in Cooper,
Plato
.

28.
Plato,
Phaedo
96a. All quotations from
Phaedo
are taken from “Phaedo,” trans. G. M. A. Grube, in Cooper,
Plato
.

29.
Plato,
Phaedo
98b—d.

30.
Plato,
Phaedo
98e—99a.

31.
Pierre Hadot,
Philosophy as a Way of Life: Spiritual Exercises from Socrates to Foucault
, intro. and ed. Arnold I. Davidson, trans. Michael Chase (Oxford, 1995).

32.
Xenophon,
Memorabilia
4.4.10, cited in Hadot,
Philosophy
, p. 23.

33.
P. Friedlander,
Plato—an Introduction
, 2 vols., trans. H. Meyenhoff (Princeton, N.J., 1969), 1:53.

34.
Plato,
Symposium 1
75b. All quotations from the
Symposium
are taken from “Symposium,” trans. Alexander Nehemas and Paul Woodruff, in Cooper,
Plato
.

35.
Plato,
Symposium
220c.

36.
Plato, “Laches” 187e—188a in “Laches,” trans. Rosamund Kent Sprague, in Cooper,
Plato
.

37.
Plato,
Apology
38a.

38.
Plato,
Apology
30e—31 c, 29d, 31 b, 36c.

39.
Hadot,
Philosophy
, pp. 152–70.

40.
Ibid., pp. 91–93.

41.
Plato,
Meno
75c—d in “Meno,” trans. G. M. A. Grube, in Cooper,
Plato;
my italics.

42.
Plato,
Theatetus 1
49a.

43.
Plato,
Symposium
211a.

44.
Plato,
Symposium
211b.

45.
Plato,
Symposium
212a.

46.
Plato,
Symposium
212a—b.

47.
Plato,
Symposium
216a.

48.
Plato,
Symposium
216e—217a.

49.
Hadot,
Philosophy
, pp. 56–59.

50.
Plato,
Apology
36c.

51.
Huston Smith, “Western Philosophy as a Great Religion,” in
Essays on World Religion
, pp. 215–16; Josef Pieper,
Leisure, the Basis of Culture
(London, 1952), p. 77.

52.
Hadot,
Philosophy
, pp. 94–96; Tarnas,
Passion of the Western Mind
, pp. 4–54; Bernard Williams, “Plato: The Invention of Philosophy,” in Frederic Raphael and Ray Monk, eds.,
The Great Philosophers
(London, 2000), pp. 41–75; Gottlieb,
Dream of Reason
, pp. 169–219; Burkert,
Greek Religion
, pp. 321–23.

53.
Plato,
Phaedo
67e.

54.
Plato,
The Republic
486a. Quotations from
The Republic
are taken from “The Republic,” trans. G. M. A. Grube and C. D. C. Reeve, in Cooper,
Plato
.

55.
Plato,
The Republic
485d—486e.

56.
Plato,
The Republic
, 571b—d.

57.
Mark A. McIntosh,
Mystical Theology, The Integrity of Spirituality and Theology
(Oxford, 1998), p. 70.

58.
Mircea Eliade,
The Myth of the Eternal Return, or Cosmos and History
, trans. Willard R. Trask (Princeton, N.J., 1954), pp. 34–35.

59.
Plato,
Phaedrus
250b.

60.
Plato, Seventh Letter 344, in Walter Hamilton, trans.,
Plato: Phaedrus and Letters VII and VIII
(London, 1973).

61.
Plato, Seventh Letter 341.

62.
Plato,
The Republic
, 504d—509d.

63.
Plato,
The Laws
716bc in “The Laws,” trans. Trevor J. Saunders, in Cooper,
Plato;
my italics.

64.
Burkert,
Greek Religion
, pp. 333–34.

65.
Plato,
The Laws
907d, 909d.

66.
Plato,
Timaeus
28c in “Timaeus,” trans. Donald J. Zeyl, in Cooper,
Plato
.

67.
Plato,
Timaeus
90a.

68.
Hadot,
Philosophy
, pp. 29, 68.

69.
Aristotle,
Nichomachean Ethics
1178a. Unless otherwise stated, all quotations from Aristotle’s works are taken from Richard McKeon, ed. and trans.,
The Basic Works of Aristotle
(New York, 2001); italics in original.

70.
Aristotle,
Nichomachean Ethics 1
177b.

71.
Aristotle,
On the Parts of Animals
645a.

72.
Burkert,
Greek Religion
, p. 331.

73.
Aristotle,
Metaphysics 1
072, 20–30; italics in original.

74.
Hadot,
Philosophy
, pp. 60–65.

75.
Freeman,
Greek Achievement
, pp. 362–65.

76.
Gottlieb,
Dream of Reason
, pp. 283–345; Tarnas,
Passion of the Western Mind
, pp. 73–85; Hadot,
Philosophy
, pp. 57–60, 80–89, 103–4.

77.
Epicurus, letter to Pythoclus 85 in A. A. Long and D. N. Sedely,
The Hellenistic Philosophers: Translations of the Principal Sources with Philosophical Commentary
, 2 vols., (Cambridge, U.K., 1987), 1:91–92.

78.
Epicurus,
Letter to Menoecius 1
25, ibid., 1:149–50.

79.
Hadot,
Philosophy
, p. 266.

80.
Proverbs 8:30–31.

81.
Ben Sirah 24:3–6.