The Case for God (60 page)

69.
Amos Funkenstein,
Theology and the Scientific Imagination: From the Middle Ages to the Seventeenth Century
(Princeton, N.J., 1986), pp. 10–11, 121–22.

70.
Ibid., pp. 55–58.

71.
Ibid., pp. 307–12.

72.
Grant, “Science and Theology,” p. 61.

73.
Edward Grant,
Much Ado About Nothing: Theories of Space and Vacuum from the Middle Ages
(Cambridge, U.K., 1981), pp. 260–64.

74.
Edward Grant, “The Condemnations of 1277: God’s Absolute Power and Physical Thought in the Late Middle Ages,”
Viator 1
0 (1979).

75.
Grant, “Science and Theology,” pp. 57–59.

76.
Funkenstein,
Theology and the Scientific Imagination
, p. 11.

77.
Turner,
Faith, Reason
, pp. 76–78.

78.
Turner,
Darkness of God
, pp. 214–15. The great exception was Nicholas of Cusa.

79.
Hans Urs von Balthasar, “Theology and Holiness,”
Communio 1
4 (Winter 1987); Mark A. McIntosh,
Mystical Theology: The Integrity of Spirituality and Theology
(Oxford, 1998), pp. 63–69; Colin Morris,
The Discovery of the Individual, 1050-1200
(New York, 1972), pp. 70–77, 139–52.

80.
Clifford Wolters, trans. and ed.,
Richard Rolle: The Fire of Love
(London, 1972), p. 45.

81.
Ibid.

82.
Ibid., p. 46.

83.
Ibid., p. 61.

84.
Rowan Williams,
The Wound of Knowledge: Christian Spirituality from the New Testament to St. John of the Cross
(Cambridge, Mass., 1991), pp. 140–42.

85.
McIntosh,
Mystical Theology
, p. 74.

86.
Turner,
Darkness of God
, pp. 137–85; Oliver Davies,
Meister Eckhart: Mystical Theologian
(London, 1991); Bernard McGinn, Frank Tobin, and Elvira Borgstadt, eds.,
Meister Eckhart, Teacher and Preacher
(New York, 1986); J. C. Clark,
Meister Eckhart: An Introduction to the Study of His Works with an Anthology of His Sermons
(New York, 1957).

87.
Eckhart, Sermon 2 in Edmund Colledge and Bernard McGinn, trans.,
Meister Eckhart: The Essential Sermons, Commentaries, Treatises and Defense
(New York, 1981), p. 180.

88.
Quoted Oliver Davies,
God Within
(London, 1988), p. 51.

89.
Turner,
Darkness of God
, pp. 171–72.

90.
Eckhart,
On Detachment
, in Colledge and McGinn, trans.,
Essential Sermons
, p. 286.

91.
Eckhart, Sermon 5b, ibid., p. 183.

92.
Eckhart, Sermon 52, ibid., p. 201.

93.
Eckhart,
Renovamini Spiritum
, ibid., p. 208.

94.
Julian,
Revelations of Divine Love
58, trans. Clifford Wolters (London and Harmondsworth, U.K., 1966), p. 166.

95.
Turner,
Darkness of God
, pp. 186–210.

96.
Cloud
6 in Clifton Wolters, trans. and ed.,
The Cloud of Unknowing and Other Works
(Harmondsworth, U.K., and New York, 1961), p. 68.

97.
Cloud
3, pp. 61–62.

98.
Cloud
6, p. 67.

99.
Ibid.

100.
Cloud
7, pp. 68–69.

101.
Cloud
6, p. 68.

102.
Cloud
45, pp. 113–14.

103.
Ibid.

104.
Cloud
52, p. 122.

105.
Cloud
68, p. 142.

106.
Ibid.

107.
Ibid.

108.
Cloud
68, pp. 142–43.

109.
Cloud
68, p. 143.

110.
Ibid.

111.
Cloud
3, p. 61.

112.
Denys the Carthusian,
De contemplatione
3.3; Turner,
Darkness of God
, p. 218.

1.
Friedrich Heer,
The Medieval World, 1100-1350
, trans. Janet Sondheimer (London, 1962), p. 318.

2.
Paul Johnson,
A History of the Jews
(London, 1987), p. 229.

3.
Yirmanyahu Yovel,
The Marrano of Reason
, vol. I of
Spinoza and Other Heretics
(Princeton, N.J., 1989), pp. 17–18.

4.
Ibid., pp. 19–24.

5.
Ibid., pp. 75–76.

6.
Gershom Scholem,
Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism
(London, 1955), pp. 246–49.

7.
Ibid., 245–800; Gershom Scholem,
The Messianic Idea in Judaism and Other Essays on Jewish Spirituality
(New York, 1971), pp. 43–48.

8.
Gershom Scholem,
Sabbatai Sevi: The Mystical Messiah
(London and Princeton, N.J., 1973), pp. 37–42.

9.
Ibid., pp. 23–25.

10.
R. J. Werblowsky, “The Safed Revival and Its Aftermath,” in Arthur Green,
ed., Jewish Spirituality
, 2 vols. (London, 1986,1989), 2:15–19,21–24; Lawrence Fine, “The Contemplative Practice of Yehudin in Lurianic Kabbalah,” ibid., 2:73–78, 89–90; Louis Jacobs, “The Uplifting of the Sparks in Later Jewish Mysticism,” ibid., 2:108–11; Gershom Scholem,
On the Kabbalah and Its Symbolism
(New York, 1965), p. 150.

11.
Werblowsky, “The Safed Revival,” in Green,
Jewish Spirituality
, 2:17; Jacob Katz, “Halakah and Kabbalah as Competing Disciplines of Study,” ibid., 2:52–53.

12.
Marshall G. S. Hodgson,
The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization
, 3 vols. (Chicago and London, 1974), 2:334–60.

13.
Robin Briggs, “Embattled Faiths: Religion and Natural Philosophy,” in Euan Cameron, ed.,
Early Modern Europe
(Oxford, 1999), pp. 197–205.

14.
Richard Tarnas,
The Passion of the Western Mind: Understanding the Ideas That Have Shaped Our World View
(New York and London, 1991), p. 230.

15.
Ibid., pp. 240–42.

16.
Valla,
Encomion Sancti Thomae Aquinatis
, in James D. Tracy, “Ad
Fontes:
The Humanist Understanding of Scripture,” in Jill Raitt, ed.,
Christian Spirituality:
High Middle Ages and Renaissance
(London and New York, 1988), p. 244.

17.
Petrarch to his brother Gherado, 2 December 1348, in David Thompson, ed.,
Petrarch, a Humanist Among Princes: An Anthology of Petrarch’s Letters and Translations from His Works
(New York, 1971), p. 90.

18.
Stephen Toulmin,
Cosmopolis: The Hidden Agenda of Modernity
(New York, 1990), pp. 25–32.

19.
Andrew Louth,
Discerning the Mystery: An Essay on the Nature of Theology
(Oxford, 1983), p. 54.

20.
Ibid.

21.
Tracy,
“Ad Fontes,”
p. 249.

22.
Alister E. McGrath,
The Intellectual Origins of the European Reformation
(Oxford and New York, 1987), p. 200; Alister E. McGrath,
Reformation Thought: An Introduction
(Oxford and New York, 1988), p. 20.

23.
Tarnas,
Passion of the Western Mind
, pp. 239–40; McGrath,
Intellectual Origins
, p. 197.

24.
John Bossy,
Christianity in the West, 1400 to 1700
(Oxford and New York, 1985), pp. 91–93.

25.
McGrath,
Reformation Thought
, p. 73.

26.
Richard Marius,
Martin Luther: The Christian Between God and Death
(Cambridge, Mass., and London, 1999), pp. 73–74, 214–15, 486–87.

27.
McGrath,
Intellectual Origins
, pp. 27, 199.

28.
Habakkuk 2:4; Romans 1:17.

29.
McGrath,
Reformation Thought
, p. 74.

30.
Bossy,
Christianity in the West
, p. 94.

31.
McGrath,
Reformation Thought
, pp. 73–74.

32.
Ibid., p. 87.

33.
Alastair McGrath,
A Life of John Calvin: A Study in the Shaping of Western Culture
(Oxford, 1990), p. 90.

34.
Luther, Sermon 25:7, in Jaroslav Pelikan,
The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine
, 5 vols. (Chicago and London, 1971–89), 4:163.

35.
Luther, Heidelberg Disputation 19–21, ibid., 4:155.

36.
Ibid., 4:154.

37.
Luther, Sermon 15, ibid., 4:166.

38.
Tarnas,
Passion of the Western Mind
, pp. 240–42.

39.
Bossy,
Christianity in the West
, p. 97.

40.
Euan Cameron, “The Power of the Word: Renaissance and Reformation,” in Cameron,
Early Modern Europe
, pp. 91–95.

41.
James Turner,
Without God, Without Creed: The Origins of Unbelief in America
(Baltimore, 1985), pp. 10–11, 19–20.

42.
Tarnas,
Passion of the Western Mind
, p. 242.

43.
Cameron, “Power of the Word,” pp. 88–89.

44.
John Bossy, “The Counter-Reformation and the People of Catholic Europe,”
Past and Present
(May 1970).

45.
A. N. Galpern,
The Religions of the People in Sixteenth-Century Champagne
(Cambridge, Mass., 1976), p. 157; Benedict Philip, “The Catholic Response to Protestantism: Church Activity and Popular Piety in Rouen, 1560–1600,” in James Obelkevich, ed.,
Religion and the People, 800-1700
(Chapel Hill, N.C., 1979), p. 175.

46.
Cameron, “Power of the Word,” p. 78.

47.
Ibid., pp. 78–80; Robert S. Westman, “The Copernicans and the Churches,” in David C. Lindberg and Ronald L. Numbers, eds.,
God and Nature: Historical Essays on the Encounter Between Christianity and Science
(Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London, 1986), pp. 76–80; Tarnas,
Passion of the Western Mind
, pp. 248–253; Thomas Kuhn,
The Copernican Revolution: Planetary Astronomy in the Development of Western Thought
(Cambridge, Mass., 1957).

48.
Psalms 93:1; 103:4; Ecclesiastes 1:4.

49.
Edward Rosen, trans. and ed.,
Nicholas Copernicus: On the Revolutions
(Warsaw and Cracow, 1978), p. xvi.

50.
Westman, “The Copernicans,” p. 82.

51.
John Calvin, Commentary on Genesis 1.16 in
The Commentaries of John Calvin on the Old Testament
, 30 vols. (Calvin Translation Society, 1643–48), 1:86.

52.
Calvin, Commentary on Genesis 1:6, ibid. 1:79–80.

53.
Frances Yates,
Giordano Bruno and the Hermetic Tradition
(Chicago, 1964).

54.
J. L. Heibron,
The Sun in the Church: Cathedrals as Solar Observatories
(Cambridge, Mass., 1999), p. 10.

55.
Michael J. Buckley, “The New Science and the Ancient Faith: Three Settlements at the Dawn of Modernity,” in
Denying and Disclosing God: The Ambiguous Progress of Modern Atheism
(New Haven, Conn., and London, 2004), p. 16; Arthur Koestler,
The Sleepwalkers: A History of Man’s Changing Vision of the Universe
(New York, 1963), p. 341.

56.
Tarnas,
Passion of the Western Mind
, p. 256; Koestler,
Sleepwalkers
, pp. 258, 313–16, 394–98.

57.
Tarnas,
Passion of the Western Mind
, pp. 262–63.

58.
Johannes Kepler,
Mysterium Cosmographicum: The Secret of the Universe
(hereafter
MC)
, trans. A. M. Duncan, intro. and commentary by E. J. Aiton, preface by I. Bernard Cohen (New York, 1981), p. 97.

59.
MC
, p. 92.

60.
Kepler,
Harmonies of the World
4:1.

61.
Kepler to Hewart von Hohenburg, 9/10 April 1599, in Carole Baumgardt,
Johannes Kepler: Life and Letters
(New York, 1951), p. 50.

62.
MC
, p. 63; see Buckley “The New Science,” p. 13; Westman, “The Copernicans,” pp. 96–97.

63.
Kepler to Michael Mastlin, 3 October 1595, in Koestler,
Sleepwalkers
, pp. 261–62.

64.
MC
, p. 149.

65.
Dedication to Emperor Rudolph II, in Buckley, “The New Science,” p. 15.

66.
John of the Cross, “The Ascent of Mount Carmel,” book I, chap. 13, no. 11, in
The Collected Works of John of the Cross
, trans. Kieran Kavanagh and Otilio Rodriguez (Washington, D.C., 1991), p. 150.

67.
William R. Shea, “Galileo and the Church,” in Lindberg and Numbers,
God and Nature
, p. 117.

68.
Ibid., pp. 276–77; Tarnas,
Passion of the Western Mind
, pp. 263–64; Buckley, “The New Science,” pp. 3–5.

69.
Galileo,
Il Saggiatore
, para. 48, in Edwin Arthur Burtt,
The Metaphysical Foundations of Modern Physical Science
(London, 1949).

70.
Westman, “The Copernicans,” p. 98.

71.
Buckley, “The New Science,” pp. 8–9.

72.
Galileo, “Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina,” in Maurice A. Finnocchiano, ed. and trans.,
The Galileo Affair: A Documentary History
(Berkeley, Calif., 1989), p. 96.

73.
Ibid., pp. 92–93.

74.
Ibid., pp. 90–91.

75.
Ibid., p. 104.

76.
Shea, “Galileo and the Church,” p. 115.

77.
Ibid., pp. 124–29; Westman, “The Copernicans,” pp. 100–101.

78.
Galileo,
Le Opere di Galileo Galilei
, 20 vols., ed. Antonio Favaro (Florence, 1899–1909), 5:138–39.