The Case for God (59 page)

39.
Gregory of Nazianzus, Oratio 29:6–20.

40.
Basil, Epistle 38.4.

41.
Basil,
On the Holy Spirit
28.66; Andrew Louth,
Discerning the Mystery: An Essay on the Nature of Theology
(Oxford, 1983), pp. 85–90.

42.
Louth,
Discerning the Mystery
, p. 46.

43.
Gregory of Nazianzus, Oratio 40.41; Vladimir Lossky,
The Mystical Theology of the Eastern Church
(London, 1957), pp. 45–46.

44.
Leonid Ouspensky, “Icon and Art,” in McGinn and Meyendorff,
Christian Spirituality
, pp. 382–90.

45.
Rowan Williams, “The Deflections of Desire: Negative Theology in Trinitarian Disclosure,” in Oliver Davies and Denys Turner, eds.,
Silence and the Word: Negative Theology and Incarnation
(Cambridge, U.K., 2002), pp. 128–30.

46.
Panikkar,
Trinity
, pp. 46–67.

47.
Peter Brown,
Augustine of Hippo: A Biography
(London, 1967); Louth,
Origins of Christian Mysticism
, pp. 139–56; Prestige,
God in Patristic Thought
, pp. 235–37; Mary T. Clark, “The Trinity in Latin Christianity,” in McGinn and Meyendorff,
Christian Spirituality
, pp. 282–85; Denys Turner,
The Darkness of God: Negativity in Christian Mysticism
(Cambridge, 1995), pp. 50–101.

48.
Augustine,
The Confessions
8.12.29. All quotations from
The Confessions
are taken from Philip Burton, trans. and ed.,
Augustine: The Confessions
, intro. by Robin Lane Fox (London, 2001).

49.
Augustine,
Confessions 1
0.27.38.

50.
Augustine,
Confessions 1
0.25.36.

51.
Augustine,
Confessions 1
0.6.9; John 18:25; Psalms 100.2; 99.3.

52.
Augustine,
Confessions 1
0.7.11.

53.
Augustine,
Confessions 1
0.6.8.

54.
Ibid.

55.
Augustine,
Confessions 1
0.17.26.

56.
Denys Turner,
Faith, Reason and the Existence of God
(Cambridge, U.K., 2004), pp. 81–83.

57.
Augustine,
Confessions
, 7.17.23.

58.
Augustine,
Ennarationes in Psalmis 1
34.6; Turner,
Faith, Reason
, p. 83.

59.
Augustine,
The City of God
22.24.2; Augustine,
On Contemplation 1
.5; Turner,
Faith, Reason
, pp. 82, 83.

60.
Augustine,
On the Trinity 10
.11.18 in Edmund Hill, OP, trans.,
Augustine: The Trinity
(New York, 1994).

61.
McIntosh,
Mystical Theology
, p. 70.

62.
Augustine,
Confessions 1
3.15.18.

63.
Psalm 103:2.

64.
Augustine,
The Literal Sense of Genesis 1.1
8, 19, 21.

65.
Augustine,
Confessions 1
2.25.35.

66.
D. W. Robertson, trans.,
Augustine: On Christian Doctrine
(Indianapolis, 1958), p. 30.

67.
Acts 17:34.

68.
Denys Turner, “Apophaticism, Idolatry and the Claims of Reason,” in Davies and Turner,
Silence and the Word
, pp. 16–21; Turner,
Darkness of God
, pp. 12–49, 252–72; Mcintosh,
Mystical Theology
, pp. 46–56; Andrew Louth,
Denys the Areopagite
(Wilton, Conn., 1989); Paul Rorem, “The Uplifting Spirituality of Pseudo-Dionysius,” in McGinn and Meyndorff,
Christian Spirituality
, pp. 132–49; Paul Rorem,
Biblical and Liturgical Symbols Within the Pseudo-Dionysian Synthesis
(Toronto, 1984); Norman, “Rediscovery of Mysticism,” pp. 454–55, 459.

69.
Denys,
The Divine Names
(hereafter
DN
) 712A—B. Quotations from Denys’s writings are taken from Colm Luibheid and Paul Rorem, trans.,
Pseudo-Dionysus: The Complete Works
(Mahwah, N.J., and London, 1987).

70.
DN
596A.

71.
Denys,
The Celestial Hierarchies
141A—B.

72.
Denys, Epistle 9, 1104D—1105B.

73.
Denys,
Mystical Theology
(hereafter MT), 1033B.

74.
MT
1048A.

75.
DN
872A; my italics.

76.
MT
1048B.

77.
MT
1048A.

78.
DN
817D.

79.
DN
981B.

80.
MT
1000c—1001A.

81.
Rorem,
Biblical and Liturgical Symbols;
Turner,
Darkness of God
, pp. 258–59, 272; Mcintosh,
Mystical Theology
, pp. 45, 54–56; Louth,
Denys
, pp. 24, 29–31, 101–9.

82.
MT
1033C; my italics.

83.
Meyendorff, “Eastern Liturgical Theology,” pp. 358–59.

84.
MT
1000C.

85.
DN
864A.

1.
P. A. Sigal, “Et les marcheurs de Dieu prirent leurs armes,”
L’Histoire
47 (1982); Ronald C. Finucane,
Pilgrims, Popular Beliefs in Medieval Europe
(London, 1977).

2.
R. W. Southern, ed. and trans.,
Vita Sancti Anselmi by Eadmer
(Oxford, 1962); Benedicta Ward, ed. and trans.,
The Prayers and Meditations of St. Anselm with the Proslogion
, intro. by R. W. Southern (London and New York, 1973); Ward, “Anselm of Canterbury and His Influence” in Jill Raitt, ed.,
Christian Spirituality: High Middle Ages and Reformation
(New York, 1988; London, 1989), pp. 197–203; Jaroslav Pelikan,
The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine
, 5 vols. (Chicago and London, 1971–89), 3:106–44, 257–63; John Macquarrie,
In Search of Deity: An Essay in Dialectical Theism
(London, 1984), pp. 201–2.

3.
Anselm, Epistle 136 in Pelikan,
Christian Tradition
, 3:258.

4.
Anselm,
Proslogion
1.143–45 in Ward, trans.,
Meditations and Prayers
.

5.
Anselm,
Monologion
32, 68 in F. S. Schmitt, ed.,
Sancti Anselmi Cantuariensis archiepiscopi opera omnia
, 6 vols. (Edinburgh, 1938–61). My translation.

6.
Anselm,
Proslogion
1.150–51. Ward translation.

7.
Anselm,
Proslogion 1.1
53–57. My translation. See Wilfred Cantwell Smith,
Belief in History
(Charlottesville, Va., 1985), pp. 312–13.

8.
Anselm,
Proslogion
2.159. Ward translation.

9.
Anselm,
Proslogion
2.161. My translation. See Macquarrie,
In Search of Deity
, p. 201, who argues that the idea of “perfection” is included in
maius
as well as “greatness.”

10.
Anselm,
Proslogion
3.197–98. Ward translation; my italics.

11.
Psalm 14:1.

12.
Anselm,
Proslogion
2.180–83. Ward translation.

13.
Anselm,
Proslogion
2.180–86.

14.
See Macquarrie,
In Search of Deity
, pp. 201–2.

15.
Jean Leclerq, “Ways of Prayer and Contemplation: West,” in Bernard McGinn and John Meyendorff, eds.,
Christian Spirituality: Origins to the Twelfth Century
(London, 1986), pp. 417–25.

16.
Anselm,
Prayers and Meditations
, preface. Ward translation.

17.
Ibid.

18.
Anselm,
Proslogion
, preface. Ward translation.

19.
Ibid.

20.
Southern,
Vita Sancti Anselmi
, p. 20.

21.
Ibid.

22.
I have discussed the philosophical movement in Islam and Judaism and explored its implications in greater detail in
A History of God: The 4000-Year Quest of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam
(New York, 1993), pp. 170–208.

23.
Quoted in S. H. Nasr, “Theology and Spirituality,” in
Islamic Spirituality: Manifestations
, ed. S. H. Nasr (London, 1991), p. 411.

24.
From the
Rasa’il
, a tenth-century Ismaili text, quoted in Majid Fakhry,
A History of Islamic Philosophy
(New York and London, 1970), p. 187.

25.
W. Montgomery Watt,
Muslim Intellectual: The Struggle and Achievement of al-Ghazzali
(Edinburgh, 1963), pp. 133–40.

26.
Maimonides,
The Guide to the Perplexed
, trans. M. Friedlander (London, 1936), p. 87.

27.
Moshe Idel, “PaRDeS: Some Reflections on Kabbalistic Hermaneutics,” in John Collins and Michael Fishbane, eds.,
Death, Ecstasy, and Other Worldly Journeys
(Albany, N.Y., 1995), pp. 249–57.

28.
Brian Davies,
The Thought of Thomas Aquinas
(Oxford, 1992); Denys Turner,
Faith, Reason and the Existence of God
(Cambridge, U.K., 2004); Denys Turner, “Apophaticism, Idolatry and the Claims of Reason,” in Oliver Davies and Denys Turner, eds.,
Silence and the Word, Negative Theology and Incarnation
(Cambridge, U.K., 2002), pp. 23–34; Herbert McCabe,
God Matters
(London, 1987); Herbert McCabe, “Aquinas on the Trinity,” in Davies and Turner,
Silence and the Word
, pp. 76–92; Antony Kenny,
The Five Ways
(London, 1969); Etienne Gilson,
L’Esprit de la philosophie medieval
(Paris, 1944); Pelikan,
The Christian Tradition
, 3:268–307; Ralph Norman, “Rediscovery of Mysticism,” in Gareth Jones, ed.,
The Blackwell Companion to Modern Theology
(Oxford, 2004), pp. 463–64.

29.
Thomas,
Summa contra gentiles 1
.5.3. in
Thomas Aquinas: Selected Writings
, trans. R. McInery (Harmondsworth, U.K., 1998).

30.
Ephesians 1.21; Thomas,
Commentary on St. Paul’s Epistle to the Ephesians
, trans. M. L. Lamb (Albany, 1966), pp. 78–79.

31.
Thomas,
Summa theologiae
(hereafter
ST
) i a. Unless otherwise stated, all quotations from
ST
are taken from Timothy McDermott, trans. and ed.,
St
Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae: A Concise Translation
(London, 1989), p. 11.

32.
Ephesians 1:20.

33.
ST
Ia.2, pp. 11–12; my italics.

34.
ST
Ia q.3 in McCabe, “Aquinas on the Trinity,” p. 77; McCabe’s italics.

35.
ST
Ia.2–11, pp. 12–15.

36.
J. J. C. Smart and J. J. Haldane,
Atheism and Theism
(Oxford, 2003), pp. 126–37.

37.
Herbert McCabe, appendix 3 to vol. 3 of the Blackfriars edition of the
Summa Theologiae;
Davies,
Thought of Thomas Aquinas
, p. 41.

38.
ST I
a q.3.1–5 pp. 14–15.

39.
Turner,
Faith, Reason
, p. 226.

40.
Ibid., p. 121.

41.
ST
2.2.4.5 as translated in Wilfred Cantwell Smith,
Faith and Belief
(Princeton, N.J., 1979), p. 87.

42.
“Credere [est] actus intellectus assentientis vero ex imperio voluntate” (ST
2.2.4.5), translated ibid., p. 280.

43.
Smith,
Faith and Belief
, pp. 87–89, 294–95.

44.
ST
2.2.14.1; 2.2.1.2.

45.
ST
8.46.2.

46.
Pelikan,
The Christian Tradition
, 3:286, 305–6; Denys Turner,
The Darkness of God: Negativity in Christian Mysticism
(Cambridge, U.K., 1995), pp. 103–34; Turner,
Faith, Reason
, pp. 27–28, 52–62.

47.
Bonaventure,
The Journey of the Mind to God
(hereafter
JMG
) 6.2. Quotations from Bonaventure’s works are taken from Philotheus Boehner and M. Frances Laughlin, eds. and trans.,
The Works of Saint Bonaventure
, 2 vols. (New York, 1958).

48.
JMG
3.1.

49.
JMG
5.3.

50.
JMG
5.4.

51.
Ibid.

52.
JMG
6.3.

53.
Ibid.

54.
JMG
6.7.

55.
JMG
6.5.

56.
JMG
6.7.

57.
John 13:1.

58.
John 14:8.

59.
JMG
7.6.

60.
Richard Cross,
Duns Scotus
(Oxford, 1999); William A. Frank and Allan B. Walter,
Duns Scotus, Metaphysician
(West LaFayette, Ind., 1995); Turner,
Faith, Reason
, pp. 85–88, 125–49.

61.
ST
1.13.10.

62.
Scotus,
Ordinatio
i d.3, 35 in Turner,
Faith, Reason
, p. 143.

63.
Scotus,
Ordinatio
i d.3 q.i, ibid., p. 131.

64.
Eric Alliez,
Capital Times: Tales from the Concept of Time
, trans. George Van De Abbeele (Minneapolis, 1996), p. 226.

65.
Scotus,
Quodlibet
q.5 a.7.

66.
Scotus,
Ordinatio
i d.3 q.1.1–2; Cross,
Duns Scotus
, p. 39.

67.
Thomas was not named in the 1277 Condemnations and those directed against him were withdrawn in 1325.

68.
Edward Grant, “Science and Theology in the Middle Ages,” in David C. Lindberg and Ronald L. Numbers, eds.,
God and Nature: Historical Essays on the Encounter Between Christianity and Science
(Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London, 1986).