The Case for God (62 page)

18.
Margaret C. Jacob, “Christianity and the Newtonian Worldview,” in David C. Lindberg and Ronald L. Numbers, eds.,
God and Nature: Historical Essays on the Encounter Between Christianity and Science
(Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London, 1986), pp. 249–53.

19.
Commonplace Book I of George Horne, Bishop of Norwich, Cambridge University Library MS SS 8134/b/1; Jacob, “Christianity and the Newtonian Worldview,” p. 252.

20.
Commonplace Book I of George Horne, fol. III; Jacob, “Christianity and the Newtonian Worldview,” p. 252; Christopher Wilde, “Hutchinsonianism, Natural Philosophy and Religious Controversy in Eighteenth-Century Britain,”
History of Science
18 (1980).

21.
Jaroslav Pelikan,
The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine
, vol. 5:
Christian Doctrine and Modern Culture (Since 1700
) (Chicago and London, 1989), p. 125.

22.
Ibid., p. 131.

23.
Ibid.

24.
Quoted by Frederick Dreyer, “Faith and Experience in the Thought of John Wesley,”
American Historical Review
88 (1983): 13–14.

25.
Pelikan,
Christian Tradition
, 5:118.

26.
Albert Outler, “Pietism and Christianity,” in Louis Dupré and Don E. Saliers,
Christian Spirituality: Post-Reformation and Modern
(London, 1989).

27.
Buckley,
Origins of Modern Atheism
, pp. 274–75.

28.
Toulmin,
Cosmopolis
, pp. 121–24, 126–29.

29.
Andrew Louth,
Discerning the Mystery: An Essay on the Nature of Theology
(Oxford, 1983), pp. 18–29; Funkenstein,
Theology and the Scientific Imagination
, pp. 202–12, 280–88, 328–32.

30.
Giambattista Vico,
Scienza nuova
, in T. G. Bergin and M. H. Frisch, eds. and trans.,
The New Science of Giambattista Vico
(New York, 1968), p. 331.

31.
Ibid., pp. 141–42.

32.
Isaiah Berlin,
Against the Current
(London, 1980), p. 109.

33.
Vico,
Scienza nuova
, p. 122.

34.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau,
Second Discourse
, in Roger D. Masters and Judith R. Masters, trans.,
The First and Second Discourses
(New York, 1964), pp. 95, 132–33.

35.
Joshua Mitchell,
Not by Reason Alone: Religion, History and Identity in Early Modern Political Thought
(Chicago, 1993), p. 124.

36.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau,
Emile
, trans. Allan Bloom (New York, 1979), p. 444.

37.
Jon Butler,
Awash in a Sea of Faith: Christianity and the American People
(Cambridge, Mass., and London, 1990), pp. 218–26.

38.
Ruth H. Bloch,
Visionary Republic: Millennial Themes in American Thought, 1756-1800
(Cambridge, U.K., 1985), pp. 81–88.

39.
For example, Timothy Dwight,
A Valedictory Address to the Young Gentlemen Who Commenced the Bachelor of Arts, July 27, 1776
(New Haven, Conn., 1776).

40.
David S. Lovejoy,
Religious Enthusiasm in the New World: Heresy to Revolution
(Cambridge, Mass., and London, 1985), p. 226.

41.
Thomas Paine,
Common Sense and the Crisis
(New York, 1975), p. 59.

42.
Roger Hahn, “Laplace and the Mechanistic Universe,” in Lindberg and Numbers,
God and Nature
, pp. 261–62.

43.
Julien Offray de La Mettrie,
Man, a Machine
, trans. Gertrude Carmen Bussey (La Salle, Ill., 1943), p. 122.

44.
Ibid., pp. 123–25.

45.
Buckley,
Origins of Modern Atheism
, pp. 216–22.

46.
Denis Diderot,
Letter on the Blind
, in Margaret Jourdain, trans.,
Diderot’s Early Philosophical Works
(Chicago, 1916), p. 111.

47.
Ibid., pp. 111–12.

48.
Ibid., p. 110.

49.
Denis Diderot to Voltaire, 11 June 1749, in Buckley,
Origins of Modern Atheism
, p. 225.

50.
Paul Heinrich Dietrich, Baron d’Holbach,
The System of Nature: or, Laws of the Moral and Physical World
, with notes by Diderot, trans. H. D. Robinson (New York, 1835), p. 232.

51.
Ibid., p. 12.

52.
Ibid., p. 181.

53.
Ibid., p. 192.

54.
Ibid., pp. 226–27.

55.
Nicolas-Sylvestre Bergier,
Examen de materialisme, ou refutation du systéme de la nature
(Paris, 1771); translations cited in Buckley,
Origins of Modern Atheism
, p. 253.

56.
Tarnas,
Passion of the Western Mind
, pp. 33–34; Hahn, “Laplace and the Mechanistic Universe,” pp. 264–68.

57.
Hahn, “Laplace and the Mechanistic Universe,” p. 265.

58.
Ibid., p. 268.

59.
Albert C. Outler, “Pietism and Enlightenment: Alternatives to Tradition,” in Dupré and Saliers,
Christian Spirituality
, p. 245.

60.
Hahn, “Laplace and the Mechanistic Universe,” pp. 267–73.

61.
Ibid., p. 257; Buckley,
Origins of Modern Atheism
, p. 325.

62.
Jacob, “Christianity and the Newtonian Worldview,” p. 253; David V. Erdman,
Blake: Prophet Against Empire
(New York, 1969), pp. 224, 367, 484.

63.
William Blake, “Introduction,”
Songs of Experience
, in
William Blake: A Selection of Poems and Letters
, ed. with an intro. by J. Brownowski (Harmondsworth, U.K., 1958).

64.
Blake, “The Tyger,” lines 4–5.

65.
Blake,
Jerusalem
33, lines 1–24.

66.
Blake,
Jerusalem
96, lines 23–28.

67.
Percy Bysshe Shelley, “Hymn to Intellectual Beauty,” lines 1–4, in
The Complete Poetical Works of Percy Bysshe Shelley
, ed. Thomas Hutchinson (Oxford, 1921).

68.
William Wordsworth, “Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern
Abbey, on Revisiting the Banks of the Wye During a Tour. July 13, 1798,” lines 37–49.

69.
Wordsworth, “Expostulation and Reply;” “The Tables Turned.”

70.
Wordsworth,
The Prelude 1
.586–88.

71.
Wordsworth, “Tintern Abbey,” lines 37–49.

72.
Wordsworth,
The Prelude
2, lines 258–59.

73.
John Keats to George and Georgiana Keats, 21 December 1817. Quotations from Keats’s letters are taken from H. E. Rollins, ed.,
The Letters of John Keats
, 2 vols. (Cambridge, Mass., 1958); author’s italics.

74.
Keats to George and Georgiana Keats, 19 March 1819.

75.
Keats to Richard Woodhouse, 27 October 1818.

76.
Ibid.

77.
Keats to J. H. Reynolds, 3 February 1818.

78.
Keats to Benjamin Bailey, 22 November 1817.

79.
Michael J. Buckley, “God as the Anti-Human,” in
Denying and Disclosing God: The Ambiguous Progress of Modern Atheism
(New Haven, Conn., and London, 2004), pp. 79–83; Buckley,
At the Origins of Modern Atheism
, pp. 330–32; John MacQuarrie,
Thinking About God
(London, 1975), pp. 157–65.

80.
Friedrich Schleiermacher,
On Religion: Speeches to Its Cultured Despisers
, trans. John Oman (New York, 1958), p. 12.

81.
Ibid., p. 87.

82.
Schleiermacher,
The Christian Faith
, trans. H. R. Mackintosh and J. S. Stewart (Edinburgh, 1928), p. 12.

83.
Ibid., p. 16.

84.
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel,
The Phenomenology of Mind
(London, 1931), p. 86.

1.
James Turner,
Without God, Without Creed: The Origins of Unbelief in America
(Baltimore, 1985), pp. 73–97.

2.
Nathan O. Hatch,
The Democratization of American Christianity
(New Haven, Conn., and London, 1989), pp. 138–39.

3.
Ibid., pp. 9, 68–157.

4.
Ibid., p. 71.

5.
Lyman Beecher,
Lectures on Scepticism
(Cincinnati, 1835), p. 132.

6.
Jon Butler,
Awash in a Sea of Faith: Christianity and the American People
(Cambridge, Mass., and London, 1990), p. 216.

7.
Ibid., p. 219.

8.
Lyman Beecher,
Autobiography
(1864), 2 vols., ed. Barbara M. Cross (Cambridge, Mass., 1961), 2:146.

9.
Turner,
Without God
, pp. 100–101.

10.
James McCosh,
The Method of the Divine Government; Physical and Moral
, 4th ed. (New York, 1855), p. 17.

11.
Daniel Walker Howe, “Religion and Politics in the Antebellum North,” in Mark A. Noll, ed.,
Religion and American Politics: From the Colonial Period to the 1980s
(Oxford and New York, 1990), pp. 132–33; George M. Marsden, Afterword to ibid., pp. 382–83; Turner,
Without God
, pp. 78–79.

12.
Turner,
Without God
, pp. 86–96.

13.
Ibid., p. 125; Howe, “Religion and Politics in the Antebellum North,” pp. 125–28.

14.
Butler,
Awash in a Sea of Faith
, p. 270.

15.
Alister McGrath,
The Twilight of Atheism: The Rise and Fall of Disbelief in the Modern World
(London and New York, 2005), pp. 52–55.

16.
Patrick Masterson,
Atheism and Alienation: A Study of the Philosophic Sources of Contemporary Atheism
(Dublin, 1871), 76–93; Michael J. Buckley, “God as the Anti-human,” in
Denying and Disclosing God: The Ambiguous Progress of Modern Atheism
(New Haven, Conn., and London, 2001), pp. 86–89; Richard Tarnas,
The Passion of the Western Mind: Understanding the Ideas That Have Shaped Our World View
(London and New York, 1991), pp. 329–32; McGrath,
Twilight of Atheism
, pp. 60–66; Gary Hyman, “Atheism in Modern History,” in Michael Martin, ed.,
The Cambridge Companion to Atheism
(Cambridge, U.K., 2007) pp. 36–37.

17.
Masterson,
Atheism and Alienation
, pp. 62–76; Buckley, “God as Antihuman,” pp. 83–89, 97–98; Buckley, “The Radical Finitude of Religious Ideas: Atheism and Contemplation,” in
Denying and Disclosing God
, pp. 100–105; Michael J. Buckley,
At the Origins of Modern Atheism
(New Haven, Conn., and London, 1985), pp. 332–33; McGrath,
Twilight of Atheism
, pp. 51–59.

18.
Ludwig Feuerbach,
The Essence of Christianity
, trans. Marion Evans (New York, 1957), p. 284.

19.
Ibid., p. 5.

20.
Ibid., p. 33.

21.
Ibid., p. 283; Feuerbach’s italics.

22.
Karl Marx, “Theses on Feuerbach,” in Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels,
On Religion
, intro. Reinhold Niebuhr (New York, 1964), p. 72; Marx’s italics.

23.
Karl Marx, “Contribution to the Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right, 1843–44,” in Jaroslav Pelikan, ed.,
Modern Religious Thought
(Boston, 1990), p. 80; Marx’s italics.

24.
Ibid.

25.
Ibid., p. 81; Marx’s italics.

26.
Martin J. S. Rudwick, “The Shape and Meaning of Earth History,” in David C. Lindberg and Ronald L. Numbers, eds.,
God and Nature: Historical Essays on the Encounter between Christianity and Science
(New York, 1986), pp. 313–14; James R. Moore, “Geologists and Interpreters of Genesis in the Nineteenth Century,” ibid., pp. 322–30.

27.
Martin J. S. Rudwick, “Charles Lyell Speaks in the Lecture Theatre,”
British Journal of the History of Science
9 (1976).

28.
Charles Lyell, review of
Memoir on the Geology of Central France
, by G. P. Scopes,
Quarterly Review
, 30 October 1827.

29.
Turner,
Without God
, pp. 185–86, 193–95.

30.
Quoted in Patricia James,
Population Malthus: His Life and Times
(London, 1979), p. 446.

31.
Rudwick, “Shape and Meaning,” pp. 314–15.

32.
Louis Agassiz,
Essay on Classification
(1859), ed. Edward Lurie (Cambridge, Mass., 1962), p. 12.

33.
Alfred Tennyson,
In Memoriam
lv, line 20, in
Tennyson: Poems and Plays
, ed., Sir Thomas Herbert Warren (Oxford, 1954).

34.
Ibid., liv, lines 5–8.

35.
Ibid., lvi, line 25.

36.
Ibid., liv, lines 13–20.

37.
Horace Bushnell,
God in Christ
(Hartford, Conn., 1849), pp. 40–42, 74.

38.
Ibid., p. 55.

39.
Ibid., p. 72.

40.
Stephen Jay Gould,
The Flamingo’s Smile
(New York, 1985), p. 397; Daniel C. Dennett, “Atheism and Evolution,” in Martin,
Companion to Atheism
, pp. 135–39.

41.
A. Hunter Dupree, “Christianity and the Scientific Community in the Age of Darwin,” in Lindberg and Numbers,
God and Nature
, pp. 356–62.

42.
Charles Darwin, 9 May 1879, in Owen Chadwick,
The Victorian Church
, 2 vols. (London, 1966), 2:20.

43.
Turner,
Without God
, p. 186.

44.
Charles Hodge,
Systematic Theology
, 2 vols. (Princeton, N.J., 1973), 11:16; 2:15–16.

45.
Charles Hodge,
What Is Darwinism?
(Princeton, N.J., 1874), p. 142.

46.
Ibid., p. 60.

47.
Moore, “Geologists and Interpreters of Genesis,” pp. 329–34.