The Case for God (61 page)

79.
Bellarmine to Foscarini, 12 April 1615, ibid., 12:171–72; Shea, “Galileo and the Church,” pp. 120–21.

80.
Galileo,
Opere
, 5:668–70; Shea, “Galileo and the Church,” p. 122.

81.
Ernan McMullin, “Galileo on Science and Scripture,” in Peter Machamer, ed.,
The Cambridge Companion to Galileo
(Cambridge, U.K., 1998), p. 285; Buckley, “The New Science,” pp. 9–10.

82.
McMullin, “Galileo on Science and Scripture,” p. 317.

83.
Shea, “Galileo and the Church,” p. 127.

84.
Ibid., pp. 128–30.

85.
Galileo,
Opere, 1
:489; Shea, “Galileo and the Church,” pp. 130–31.

86.
Yovel,
Marrano of Reason
, pp. 54–57.

87.
Ibid., p. 53.

88.
Isaac Orobio de Castro, prologue,
Epistola invecta contra Prado
, ibid., pp. 51–52.

89.
Yovel,
Marrano of Reason
, pp. 42–51.

90.
Ibid., pp. 57–73.

1.
John Donne,
An Anatomie of the World
, “The First Anniversary,” lines 213–14, in Sir Herbert Grierson, ed.,
Donne: Poetical Works
(Oxford, 1933).

2.
Ibid., lines 212, 251–60.

3.
Stephen Toulmin,
Cosmopolis: The Hidden Agenda of Modernity
(New York, 1990), pp. 47–55.

4.
Michael J. Buckley,
At the Origins of Modern Atheism
(New Haven, Conn., and London, 1987), pp. 40–56; Michael J. Buckley, “A Dialectical Pattern in the Emergence of Atheism,” in
Denying and Disclosing God: The Ambiguous Progress of Modern Atheism
(New Haven, Conn., and London, 2004), pp. 30–32.

5.
De providentia numinis et animi immortalitate 1
.2.16–19, translated into English as
Rawleigh His Ghost, Or, A Feigned Apparition of Syr Walter Rawleigh, to a friend of his, for the translating into English, the Booke of Leonard Lessius (that most learned man) entitled De providentia numinis, et animi immortalitate: written against Atheists, Polititians of these days
(hereafter
RG)
, trans. “A. B.” (1631), in vol. 349 of
English Recusant Literature, 1558-1640
, ed. D. M. Rogers (London, 1977), pp. 325–28.

6.
Donne, “The First Anniversary,” line 213.

7.
RG
, pp. 328–29.

8.
P. J. S. Whitmore,
The Order of Minims in Seventeenth-Century France
(The
Hague, 1967), pp. 71–72; Ira O. Wade,
The Intellectual Origins of the French Enlightenment
(Princeton, N.J., 1971), p. 165.

9.
Buckley,
Origins of Modern Atheism
, pp. 56–66; Buckley, “A Dialectical Pattern,” pp. 32–33; William B. Ashworth Jr., “Catholicism and Early Modern Science,” in David C. Lindberg and Ronald L. Numbers, eds.,
God and Nature: Historical Essays on the Encounter Between Christianity and Science
(Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London, 1986), pp. 138–39.

10.
Robert Lenoble,
Mersenne ou la naissance du mechanisme
(Paris, 1971), pp. 380–82; Whitmore,
The Order of Minims
, pp. 144–47.

11.
Rene Descartes,
Discourse on the Method
2.18. All quotations from
Discourse on the Method
and
Meditations on First Philosophy
are taken from Elizabeth J. Haldane and G. R. T. Ross, trans., ed., and with an introduction by Enrique Chávez-Arvizo,
Descartes: Key Philosophical Writings
(Ware, U.K., 1997).

12.
Buckley,
Origins of Modern Atheism
, p. 73.

13.
Descartes,
Discourse on Method
, 4.32.

14.
Buckley,
Origins of Modern Atheism
, pp. 85–87.

15.
Descartes,
Meditations
2.28.

16.
Descartes,
Discourse on Method
3.34.

17.
Descartes,
Meditations
5.67.

18.
Ibid.

19.
Descartes,
Discourse on Method
3.37.

20.
Ashworth, “Catholicism and Early Modern Science,” p. 139; Jacques Roger, “The Mechanistic Conception of Life,” in Lindberg and Numbers,
God and Nature
, pp. 281–82.

21.
Descartes,
Meditations
6.80.

22.
Richard Tarnas,
The Passion of the Western Mind: Understanding the Ideas That Have Shaped Our World View
(New York and London, 1991), pp. 26–68.

23.
Descartes, introduction to
Les Meteors
, in Paul J. Olscamp, ed. and trans.,
Discourse on Method, Optics, Geometry, and Metereology
(Indianapolis, 1965), p. 263.

24.
Descartes, dedication to
Meditations 1
.

25.
Buckley, “A Dialectical Pattern,” p. 33.

26.
Amos Funkenstein,
Theology and the Scientific Imagination: From the Middle Ages to the Seventeenth Century
(Princeton, N.J., 1986), p. 73.

27.
Toulmin,
Cosmopolis
, pp. 98–104.

28.
John Locke,
An Essay Concerning Human Understanding
, ed. Peter Nidditch (Oxford, 1975), p. 314; Locke’s italics.

29.
A. W. S. Baird, “Pascal’s Idea of Nature,”
Isis
61 (1970); Ashworth, “Catholicism and Early Modern Science,” pp. 142–44.

30.
Pascal,
Pensées
, trans. A. J. Krailsheimer (Harmondsworth, U.K., 1966), p. 88.

31.
Ibid., p. 309.

32.
Ibid., pp. 169–70.

33.
Alasdair MacIntyre, “The Fate of Theism,” in A. MacIntyre and Paul Ricoeur,
The Religious Significance of Atheism
(New York, 1969), p. 12.

34.
Pascal,
Pensées
, p. 38.

35.
Yirmanyahu Yovel,
Spinoza and Other Heretics
, 2 vols. (Princeton, N.J., 1989); J. Guttmann,
Philosophies of Judaism: The History of Jewish Philosophy from Biblical Times to Franz Rosenzweig
(London and New York, 1964), pp.
265–85; R. M. Silverman,
Baruch Spinoza: Outcast Jew, Universal Sage
(Northwood, U.K., 1995).

36.
Christopher Hill,
The World Turned Upside Down
(New York, 1972), pp. 112, 114, 176, 318–19; Norman Cohn,
The Pursuit of the Millennium: Revolutionary Millennarians and Mystical Anarchists of the Middle Ages
(London, 1957), pp. 303–18.

37.
David J. Lovejoy,
Religious Enthusiasm in the New World: Heresy to Revolution
(Cambridge, Mass., and London, 1985), p. 69.

38.
Ibid., p. 112.

39.
Hill,
The World Turned Upside Down
, p. 86; Michael Barkun,
Disaster and the Millennium
(New Haven, Conn., and London, 1974), pp. 82–86.

40.
Margaret C. Jacob, “Christianity and the Newtonian Worldview” in Linberg and Numbers,
God and Nature
, pp. 239–43.

41.
Isaac Newton, to Robert Hooke, 5 February 1675, in
The Correspondence of Isaac Newton
, 7 vols., vols. 1–3, ed. by H. W. Turnbull; vol. 4, ed. J. F. Scott; vols. 5–7 ed. A. R. Hill and L. Tilling (Cambridge, U.K., 1959–1977), 7:254–55.

42.
Isaac Newton, preface,
Philosophia Naturalis Principia Mathematica
. All quotations from the
Principia
are taken from
Sir Isaac Newton’s Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy and His System of the World
, trans. Andrew Motte, revised by Florian Cajori (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1962),p. xvii; henceforth referred to as
Principia
.

43.
Principia
, pp. xvii—xviii.

44.
Ibid., p. 543.

45.
Ibid., p. 544.

46.
Ibid., p. 546.

47.
Isaac Newton,
Opticks
, book 3, query 28, in
Opticks, or a Treatise of the Reflections, Refractions, Inflections and Colours of Light
, foreword by Albert Einstein, introduction by Sir Edmund Whittaker and L. Tilling (New York, 1952), p. 369.

48.
Newton to Richard Bentley, 10 December 1691, in
Correspondence
, 3:233.

49.
Ibid., 3:234, 236.

50.
Newton to Richard Bentley, 17 January 1692, in
Correspondence
, 3:240.

51.
Newton to Richard Bentley, 11 February 1692, in
Correspondence
, 3:244.

52.
Buckley,
Origins of Modern Atheism
, pp. 13–37.

53.
Newton,
Principia
, p. 546.

54.
Ibid., p. 545.

55.
Ibid., Newton’s italics; A. R. and Marie Boas Hall (Cambridge, U.K., 1962), pp. 138–39; Gary B. Deason, “Reformation Theology and the Mechanistic Conception of Nature,” in Lindberg and Numbers,
God and Nature
, pp. 184–85.

56.
Samuel Clarke to Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, in H. G. Alexander, ed.,
The Leibniz-Clarke Correspondence
(Manchester, U.K., 1956), p. 22; Deason, “Reformation Theology,” p. 185.

57.
Newton to Richard Bentley, 25 February 1693, in
Correspondence
, 3:253–54; Newton’s italics.

58.
Isaac Newton, “A Short Scheme of the True Religion,” in Sir David Brewster,
Memoirs of the Life, Writings and Discoveries of Sir Isaac Newton
, 2 vols. (Edinburgh, 1855), 2:347–48.

59.
Richard S. Westfall, “The Rise of Science and the Decline of Orthodox
Christianity: A Study of Kepler, Descartes and Newton,” in Lindberg and Numbers,
God and Nature
, pp. 230–33.

60.
Isaac Newton, Yehuda MS 41, fol. 7, Jewish National and University Library, Jerusalem; Westfall, “The Rise of Science,” pp. 232–33. 61. Isaac Newton, MS, William Andrews Clark Memorial Library, UCLA, Los

61.
Angeles; Westfall, “The Rise of Science,” p. 231.

62.
Newton,
Correspondence
, 3:108.

63.
Isaac Newton, unpublished manuscript, quoted in J. E. McGuire, “Newton on Time, Place and God: An Unpublished Source,”
British Journal for the History of Science 11
(1978).

64.
J. C. Davis,
Fear, Myth and History: The Ranters and Their History
(New York, 1986), pp. 114–21.

65.
John Bunyan,
Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners
and
Pilgrim’s Progress
, ed. Roger Sharrock (London, 1966), pp. 33, 38.

66.
Lucien Febvre,
The Problem of Unbelief in the Sixteenth Century: The Religion of Rabelais
, trans. Beatrice Gottlieb (Cambridge, Mass., and London, 1982).

67.
Walter J. Ong, SJ,
Rhetoric, Romance and Technology: Studies in the Interaction of Expression and Culture
(Ithaca, N.Y., 1971), p. 279; J. E. McGuire, “Boyle’s Conception of Nature,”
Journal of the History of Ideas
33 (1972).

68.
Jacob, “Christianity and the Newtonian Worldview,” pp. 243–46.

69.
Samuel Clarke,
A Discourse Concerning the Being and Attributes of God, the Obligations of Natural Religion, and the Truth and Certainty of Christian Revelation
, 9th ed. (London, 1738), p. 51.

70.
Ibid., p. 8.

71.
Ecclesiasticus 43:28.

72.
Clarke,
Discourse Concerning the Being and Attributes of God
, p. 126.

73.
Samuel Clarke,
A Discourse Concerning the Unchangeable Obligations of Natural Religions and the Truth and Certainty of Christian Religion
, in Richard Watson, ed.,
A Collection of Theological Tracts
(London, 1785), p. 246.

1.
John Locke,
A Letter Concerning Toleration
(Indianapolis, 1955).

2.
Cotton Mather,
The Christian Philosopher: A Collection of the Best Discoveries of Nature, with Religious Improvements
, facsimile reproduction with introduction by Josephine K. Piercy (Gainesville, Fla., 1968), p. i; Mather’s italics.

3.
Ibid., pp. 2–3; Mather’s italics.

4.
Ibid., p. 2; Mather’s italics.

5.
Ibid., p. 294.

6.
Robert Briggs, “Embattled Faiths: Religion and Natural Philosophy” in Euan Cameron, ed.,
Early Modern Europe
(Oxford, 1999), pp. 197–205.

7.
Michael J. Buckley,
At the Origins of Modern Atheism
(New Haven, Conn., and London, 1987), p. 37; James Turner,
Without God, Without Creed: The Origins of Unbelief in America
(Baltimore, 1985), pp. 37–56.

8.
Amos Funkenstein,
Theology and the Scientific Imagination: From the Middle Ages to the Seventeenth Century
(Princeton, N.J., 1986), pp. 357–60.

9.
Voltaire,
Philosophical Dictionary
, trans. Theodore Besterman (London, 1972), p. 357.

10.
Ibid., p. 57.

11.
Peter Gay,
The Enlightenment: An Interpretation
, 2 vols. (New York, 1968, 1969), 2:526.

12.
Mather,
Christian Philosopher
, p. 6; Mather’s italics.

13.
Jonathan Edwards,
The Great Awakening
, ed. C. C. Goen (New Haven, Conn., 1972), p. 249.

14.
Thomas Jefferson to John Adams, 22 August 1813, in Lester J. Cappon, ed.,
The Adams-Jefferson Letters
, 2 vols. (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1959), 2:368.

15.
From “Seven Sermons,” quoted in Turner,
Without God
, p. 50.

16.
Wilfred Cantwell Smith,
Towards a World Theology: Faith and the Comparative History of Religion
(London and Basingstoke, U.K., 1981), pp. 51–54.

17.
Stephen Toulmin,
Cosmopolis: The Hidden Agenda of Modernity
(New York, 1990), pp. 119–21.