The Case for God (66 page)

Talmud
(Hebrew). “Teaching; study;” the term refers to two scriptures, the Jerusalem Talmud, completed in the early fifth century CE, and the Bavli, the Babylonian Talmud, completed in the sixth century CE. Both took the form of a
gemara
(“commentary”) on the Mishnah.

theoria
(Greek). “Contemplation;” in the modern West, a “theory” is a mental construct; a hypothesis.

Torah
(Hebrew). “Teaching;” often translated as “law;” in the Bible, the word
torah
included God’s perceived guidance in the world and the words he used to formulate it. Thus the Torah often refers to the Pentateuch, the first five books of the Bible, which contains stories about God’s guidance and care. Later Torah was linked with God’s Wisdom and the Word that brought the world into being and became synonymous with the highest knowledge and with transcendent goodness.

transcendence
(Latin derivation); adj.
transcendent
. That which “climbs beyond” known reality and cannot be categorized.

ummah
(Arabic). The Muslim community.

univocal
(Latin derivation). “With one sense;” a proposition that has only one meaning; a word that is unambiguous.

Upanishads
(Sanskrit). “To sit down near to;” esoteric scriptures revered as the culmination of Vedic religion. Thirteen of the classical Upanishads were composed between the seventh and second centuries BCE.

Veda
(Sanskrit); adj.
Vedic
. “Knowledge;” the term used to denote the huge corpus of sacred literature of the Aryan Indians.

Wisdom
(translation of the Hebrew
Hokhmah)
. A personified figure in the book of Proverbs who represents God’s divine plan that governs the universe; the blueprint of creation; identified later with the Torah, the highest wisdom, and the divine Word that brought the world into being. A method of describing God’s activity in the world that human beings can experience as opposed to the inaccessible reality itself.

Word
. See
wisdom; logos
.

yoga
(Sanskrit). “Yoking;” the yoking of the powers of the mind to achieve enlightenment. The meditative discipline designed to eliminate the egotism that holds us back from Nirvana and enlightenment.

zannah
(Arabic). Guesswork; surmise; used in the Qur’an to denote pointless and divisive theological speculation.

ziggurat
(Akkadian). Temple towers built by the Sumerians in a form found in other parts of the world; huge stone ladders that men and women could climb to meet their gods.

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