The China-Pakistan Axis: Asia's New Geopolitics (44 page)

    
19
. “Aynak Copper: Details Of Winning Chinese Bid Remain Elusive”, U.S. State Department Cable, 27 Nov. 2007,
https://www.wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/07KABUL3933_a.html,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
20
. Joshua Partlow, “Afghan minister accused of taking bribe”,
Washington Post
, 18 Nov. 2009,
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/11/17/AR2009111704198.html,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
21
. “Comparative Table of Bidding Companies for (AYNAK Copper Mine)”, Ministry of Mines and Petroleum,
http://mom.gov.af/Content/files/List%20of%20Companies%20for%20Aynak.pdf,
last accessed 26 Jan. 2014; “Chinese Firm Again Frontrunner For Major Afghan Mining Contract”, U.S. State Department cable, 7 Nov. 2009,
https://www.wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/09KABUL3574_a.html,
last accessed 2 Feb. 2014.

    
22
. Emmanuel Huntzinger, “Aynak Copper Mine: Opportunities and Threats
for Development from a Sustainable Business Perspective”, Integrity Watch Afghanistan, Jan. 2008,
https://www.cimicweb.org/cmo/Afghanistan/Crisis%20Documents/Economic%20Stabilization/Recent%20Publications/Aynak%20Copper%20Mine%20Report%20IWA.pdf,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
23
. Ibid.

    
24
. Author interviews, Kabul, Aug. 2010; William Dalrymple, “A Deadly Triangle; Afghanistan, Pakistan and India”,
The Brookings Essay
, 25 Jun. 2013,
http://www.brookings.edu/research/essays/2013/deadly-triangle-afghanistan-pakistan-india-c,
last accessed 9 Dec. 2013.

    
25
. “China wins major Afghan project”, BBC News, 20 Nov. 2007,
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7104103.stm,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
26
. Robert D. Kaplan, “Beijing’s Afghan gamble”,
New York Times
, 6 Oct. 2009,
http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/07/opinion/07kaplan.html,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
27
. Quoted in Richard Weitz, “Why China free-riding is OK”,
Diplomat
, 12 Aug. 2011,
http://thediplomat.com/2011/08/why-chinas-free-ridingok/,
last accessed 18 Nov. 2013.

    
28
. Stuart Burns, “US Troops Protecting Chinese Mine Workers Against Taliban”,
Metal Miner
, 10 Nov. 2009,
http://agmetalminer.com/2009/11/10/us-troops-protecting-chinese-workers-against-taliban/,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
29
. Author interviews, Kabul, Aug. 2010 and Feb. 2012.

    
30
. “Karzai meets Chinese leaders amid security concerns”,
The Hindu
, 28 Sep. 2013,
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-international/karzai-meets-chinese-leaders-amid-security-concerns/article5178048.ece,last
accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
31
. Zhao Huasheng, “China and Afghanistan: China’s Interest, Stances and Perspectives”, Washington, DC: Centre for Strategic and International Studies, Mar. 2012, p. 2,
http://csis.org/files/publication/120322_Zhao_ChinaAfghan_web.pdf,
last accessed 26 Jan. 2014.

    
32
. Russell Hsiao and Glen E. Howard, “China Builds Closer Ties to Afghanistan through Wakhan Corridor”, Jamestown Foundation, China Brief, Vol. 10, Issue 1, 7 Jan. 2010,
http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=35879&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=7&cHash=8aeb0ffe75#.UuWXrZH0CqQ,
last accessed 26 Jan. 2014.

    
33
. Alikuzai,
A Concise History
, Volume 1, p. 638.

    
34
. Morgan, Gerald,
Anglo-Russian Rivalry in Central Asia: 1810–1895
, New York: Routledge, 1981, p. 200.

    
35
. Rasanayagam, Angelo,
Afghanistan: A Modern History
, New York: I.B. Tauris, 2005, p. 10.

    
36
. Author interviews, Kabul, Aug. 2010 and Beijing, Jul. 2009.

    
37
. Vertzberger, Yaacov,
China’s Southwestern Strategy: Encirclement and Counterencirclement
, New York: Praeger Publishers, 1985, pp. 107–8.

    
38
. Ibid. pp. 108–111.

    
39
. Ibid. p. 111–14 and 119–22.

    
40
. Ibid. p. 125.

    
41
. Wiegand, Krista Eileen,
Enduring Territorial Disputes: Strategies of Bargaining, Coercive Diplomacy and Settlement
, London: University of Georgia Press, 2011, p. 268.

    
42
. “Afghan land annexed”,
The Age
, 6 Nov. 1980,
http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1300&dat=19801106&id=m_pUAAAAIBAJ&sjid=iJIDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4869,2783378,
last accessed 20 Nov. 2013.

    
43
. Amstutz, J. Bruce,
The First Five Years of Soviet Occupation
, Honolulu: University Press of the Pacific, 2002, p. 416.

    
44
.
Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977–1980: Volume XIII, China
, Document 290, U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian, 7 Jan.1980,
http://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977–80v13/d290,
last accessed 18 Nov. 2013.

    
45
. Chinque, S.,
News from Xinhua News Agency, Volumes 594–620
, 1980, p. 114.

    
46
. Gates, Robert,
From the Shadows: The Ultimate Insider’s Story of Five Presidents and How They Won the Cold War
, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996, p. 146.

    
47
. James Mulvenon, “Chen Xiaogong: A Political Biography”,
China Leadership Monitor
, No. 22, Oct. 2013, p. 1,
http://media.hoover.org/sites/default/files/documents/CLM22JM.pdf,
last accessed 18 Nov. 2013.

    
48
. Rubin, Barnett R.,
The Fragmentation of Afghanistan: State Formation and Collapse in the International System
, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002, p. 197.

    
49
. Yousaf, Mohammad and Mark Adkin,
Afghanistan, The Bear Trap: The Defeat of a Superpower
, Barnsley: Leo Cooper/Pen and Sword Books, 2001, p. 150.

    
50
. Ibid. p. 85.

    
51
. Mohan Malik, “Dragon On Terrorism: Assessing China’s Tactical Gains And Strategic Losses Post-September 11”, Carlisle, PA: U.S. Army Strategic Studies Institute, Oct. 2002, p. 11,
http://www.Strategicstudiesinstitute.Army.Mil/Pdffiles/Pub57.Pdf,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
52
. Quoted in Vivek Katju, “The many roads to Kabul”,
The Hindu
, 15 Oct. 2013,
http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/the-many-roads-to-kabul/article5234525.ece,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
53
. Faligot, Roger,
Les services secrets chinois: de Mao aux JO
(The Chinese Secret Service: From Mao to the Olympic Games), Paris: Nouveau Monde Editions, 2008, pp. 382–5.

    
54
. Vogel, Ezra F.,
Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China
, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011, p. 539.

    
55
. Steve Coll, “In CIA’s covert Afghan War, where to draw the line was key”,
Washington Post
, 20 Jul. 1992.

    
56
. Coll, Steve,
Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan and Bin Laden
, London: Penguin, 2004, p. 66.

    
57
. Steve Coll, “In CIA’s”.

    
58
. Author interviews, Washington, DC, Feb. 2013.

    
59
. Rubin,
The Fragmentation
, p. 197.

    
60
. Yousaf and Adkin,
Afghanistan, The Bear Trap
, p. 84 and p. 109.

    
61
. Author interviews, Kabul, Aug. 2010 and Islamabad 2011.

    
62
. Amin Tarzi, “Afghanistan: new foreign minister steps out of obscurity”, RFE/RL, 20 Apr. 2006,
http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1067792.html,
last accessed 9 Dec. 2013; “Historical Overview of the Marxist Revolutionary Movement in Afghanistan and the Afghanistan Liberation Organization (ALO)”,
http://a-l-o.maoism.ru/historical.htm,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
63
. Ibid.

    
64
. James Mulvenon, “Chen Xiaogong: A Political Biography”,
China Leadership Monitor
, No. 22, Oct. 2013, p. 2,
http://media.hoover.org/sites/default/files/documents/CLM22JM.pdf,
last accessed 18 Nov. 2013.

    
65
. Kaplan, Robert D.,
Soldiers of God: With Islamic Warriors in Afghanistan and Pakistan
, New York: Vintage Departures, 2001, p. 39.

    
66
. Coll, “In CIA’s”.

    
67
. Coll,
Ghost Wars
, p. 11.

    
68
. Ibid., p. 150; Diego Cordovez and Selig S. Harrison,
Out of Afghanistan: The Inside Story of the Soviet Withdrawal
, New York: Oxford University Press, 1995, p. 196.

    
69
. Cordovez and Harrison, Ibid.

    
70
. Yousaf and Adkin,
Afghanistan, The Bear Trap
, p. 181.

    
71
. Steve Coll, “In CIA’s”.

    
72
. Hatch, Orrin,
Square Peg: Confessions of a Citizen-Senator
, New York: Basic Books, 2003, p. 102.

    
73
. Coll,
Ghost Wars
, p. 150.

    
74
. Mann, James,
About Face: A History of America’s Curious Relationship with China, from Nixon to Clinton
, New York: Knopf, 1998, p. 139.

    
75
. Yousaf and Adkin,
Afghanistan, The Bear Trap
, p. 181.

    
76
. Ibid., p. 182.

    
77
. Keller, Bill, “Last Soviet soldiers leave Afghanistan”,
New York Times
, 16 Feb. 1989,
http://partners.nytimes.com/library/world/africa/021689afghanladen.html,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
78
. “Afghan gardeners and driver await return of Chinese ambassador”,
People’s Daily
, 17 Dec. 2001,
http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200112/17/eng20011217_86859.shtml,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
79
. Ibid.

    
80
. Ahmed, Rashid,
Taliban: Islam, Oil and the New Great Game in Central Asia
, London: I.B.Tauris & Co. 2002, p. 58.

    
81
. Ibid. p. 49.

    
82
. “Security Council Tightens Sanctions against Taliban and Al-Qaeda”, UN News Centre, 30 Jan. 2004,
http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=9630&Cr=qaida&Cr1=taliban#.UqXeu9JDt28,
last accessed 9 Dec. 2013.

    
83
. Reed, J. Todd and Diana Raschke,
The ETIM: China’s Islamic Militants and the Global Terrorist Threat
, Washington, DC: Library of Congress, 2010, p. 71.

    
84
. LeVine, Steve,
The Oil and the Glory: The Pursuit of Empire and Fortune on the Caspian Sea
, New York: Random House, 2007, p. 307.

    
85
. Rashid,
Taliban
, p. 202.

    
86
. Ahmed Rashid, “Taliban temptation”,
Far Eastern Economic Review
, 11 Mar. 1999.

    
87
. “Taliban, China sign defence pact: Chinese scientists allowed access to US cruise missiles”,
Frontier Post
, 12 Dec. 1998,
http://www.afghanistannews-center.com/news/1998/december/dec12c1998.htm,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014; John Hooper, “Claims that China paid Bin Laden to see cruise missiles”,
Guardian
, 20 Oct. 2001,
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/oct/20/china.afghanistan,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014; “How China is advancing its military reach”, BBC News, 18 Jan. 2012,
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-16588557,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
88
. Mohan Malik, “Dragon on Terrorism”, p. 8.

    
89
. Tara Shankar Sahay, “Taliban-China deal puzzles diplomats”, Rediff, 12 Feb. 1999,
http://www.rediff.com/news/1999/feb/12tali.htm,
last accessed 19 Nov. 2013.

    
90
. “Afghan foreign minister fails to meet Tang”, Agence France Presse, 25 Jul. 2000,
http://www.afghanistannewscenter.com/news/2000/july/jul26f2000.html,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
91
. “Taliban envoy meets Chinese Foreign Ministry official”, IRNA, 25 Jul. 2000,
http://www.afghanistannewscenter.com/news/2000/july/jul26f2000.html,
last accessed 2 Feb. 2014.

    
92
. John W. Garver, “Future of the Sino-Pakistani Entente Cordiale”, in Michael R. Chambers (ed.),
South Asia in 2020: Future Strategic Balances and Alliances,
Carlisle, PA: U.S. Army War College, 2002, p. 434.

    
93
. Zaif, Abd al-Salam,
My Life With the Taliban
, New York: Columbia University Press, 2010, p. 135.

    
94
. Yusufzai, Rahimulla Yusufzai, “Chinese scholars leaving for Kabul, Kandahar today”,
The News
, 21 Nov. 2000,
http://www.afghanistannews-center.com/news/2000/november/nov21p2000.htm;
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.