The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics (14 page)
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Authors: Iain McLean
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arms control
arms races
During the First World War, the Quaker physicist L. F.
Richardson
(1880–1953), noted that Anglo-German arms races had had the property that the number of extra ships built by Britain in period two partly reflected the number built by Germany in period one, and the number built by Germany in period three partly reflected the number built by Britain in period two. Richardson modelled this as a difference equation system which might have a stable or (as in 1914) an unstable outcome. After many decades of neglect, Richardson arms races are again studied both in international relations and in evolutionary biology.
Richardson
(1880–1953), noted that Anglo-German arms races had had the property that the number of extra ships built by Britain in period two partly reflected the number built by Germany in period one, and the number built by Germany in period three partly reflected the number built by Britain in period two. Richardson modelled this as a difference equation system which might have a stable or (as in 1914) an unstable outcome. After many decades of neglect, Richardson arms races are again studied both in international relations and in evolutionary biology.
Arrow's theorem
articulation
This term was used in the structural functional approach to politics, referring to the formation of political demands, for example by
interest groups
, which could then be aggregated into policy alternatives.
WG
interest groups
, which could then be aggregated into policy alternatives.
WG
ASEAN
In 1967 Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, and the Philippines formed the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) as a non-provocative display of solidarity against communist expansion in Vietnam and insurgency within their own borders. Following the Bali summit of 1976, the organization embarked on a programme of economic co-operation, which foundered in the mid-1980s only to be revived around a 1991 Thai proposal for a regional free trade area.
CJ
CJ
Asiatic mode of production
Referred to in
Marxist
texts as a specific mode of production prevalent in pre-capitalist Asia. It was used to explain the difference between the Asiatic and Occidental social relations, in particular the nature and role of the state in the two systems. Two chief characteristics were highlighted by
Marx
and
Engels
in 1853. First, there was the absence of private property, which led, according to Marx and Engels , to stagnant social and economic relations. In particular they criticized the self-sufficient nature of the village life in Asiatic societies that was supported by this absence of private property, and did not allow for the transformation of social and economic relations in the countryside. In this context Marx wrote of the ‘regenerative role of imperialism’ which would pierce this shell of self-sufficiency and introduce capitalist relations into these stagnant economies. Second, there was the geographical and climatic feature of Asiatic societies that made them dependent on irrigation and which in turn required centralized planning and administration, thus increasing the role of the central state in these societies, which in turn led to an
‘oriental despotism’
. This ethnocentric view assumes that the way forward for Asiatic societies is to tread the well beaten path of capitalist development that Europe had walked down. The Asiatic mode of production (AMP) became the focus of debate in the 1960s and 1970s among Third World development theorists, who were concerned in particular to understand the role of the state in the post-colonial context. They looked to AMP to understand the traditions of state intervention in Asiatic social and economic relations which might allow the
post-colonial states
to continue to be involved in developing the economic infrastructure of Asiatic societies.
SR
Marxist
texts as a specific mode of production prevalent in pre-capitalist Asia. It was used to explain the difference between the Asiatic and Occidental social relations, in particular the nature and role of the state in the two systems. Two chief characteristics were highlighted by
Marx
and
Engels
in 1853. First, there was the absence of private property, which led, according to Marx and Engels , to stagnant social and economic relations. In particular they criticized the self-sufficient nature of the village life in Asiatic societies that was supported by this absence of private property, and did not allow for the transformation of social and economic relations in the countryside. In this context Marx wrote of the ‘regenerative role of imperialism’ which would pierce this shell of self-sufficiency and introduce capitalist relations into these stagnant economies. Second, there was the geographical and climatic feature of Asiatic societies that made them dependent on irrigation and which in turn required centralized planning and administration, thus increasing the role of the central state in these societies, which in turn led to an
‘oriental despotism’
. This ethnocentric view assumes that the way forward for Asiatic societies is to tread the well beaten path of capitalist development that Europe had walked down. The Asiatic mode of production (AMP) became the focus of debate in the 1960s and 1970s among Third World development theorists, who were concerned in particular to understand the role of the state in the post-colonial context. They looked to AMP to understand the traditions of state intervention in Asiatic social and economic relations which might allow the
post-colonial states
to continue to be involved in developing the economic infrastructure of Asiatic societies.
SR
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