The Fantastic Laboratory of Dr. Weigl: How Two Brave Scientists Battled Typhus and Sabotaged the Nazis (57 page)

When the Nazi invasion began
:
Zbigniew Stuchly, Nov. 17, 1994, tape recording by Halina Shepherd of Radio Lviv, courtesy of National Museum Przemy
l.

The institute grew quickly
:
Szybalksi, “Genius”; Stanisława Woyciechowska, interview with Ryszard Wójik; Josef Daniels to Erich von Redwitz, Nov. 19, 1946, courtesy of Peter Eyer.

How many Poles
:
Tomasz Cieszy
ski, “Dzieło Rudolfa Weigla ofiarowane ludzko
ci i Polsce” (Rudolf Weigl’s work for Poland and humanity), 1994, accessed at http://www.lwow.home.pl/weigl/cieszynski.html; list of feeders at http://www.lwow.home.pl/weigl/weiglowcy.html.

The Poles working
:
Szybalski, interview with author.

The regime created a ghetto
:
Lviv Oblast Records, USHHM, RGM31.003; Report from Katzman to Frank; Selected records from the Lviv State Oblast Archive, RGM 31.001m Vermerk Betrifft: Judenumsiedlung; “Umsiedlung Lemberger Juden,”
Lemberger Zeitung
, Nov. 15, 1941.

The Nazis also set up a
:
Wells,
Brigade
, 87–93; Stanisław Lenz, testimony Yad Vashem 0.3/3093. B. 1902; Samuel Drix,
Witness to Annihilation: Surviving the Holocaust: A Memoir
(Washington: Brassey’s, 1994), 73–88; Kahane,
Diary
, 51; Philip Friedman,
Roads to Extinction: Essays on the Holocaust
, ed. Ada June Friedman (New York: Jewish Publications Society, 1980), 303–12.

For a while, doctors
:
Redner,
Recollections
, 9.

This was probably
:
Dieter Pohl,
Nationalsozialistische Judenverfolgung in Ostgalizien 1941–1944: Organisation und Durchführung eines staatlichen Massenverbrechens
(Munich: Oldenbourg, 1996), 115.

The Nazis confiscated
:
Kahane,
Diary
, 21, 70–71; Drix,
Witness
, 34.

Fleck spent the first
:
Fleck, “Untersuchungen zum Flecktyphus im Lemberger Ghetto in den Jahren 1941–1942,” in
Denkstile
, 505–14; Fleck, “Wie wir den Anti-Flecktyphus-Impfstoff im Lemberger Ghetto hergestellt haben,” ibid., 521–25.

It may have been
:
Szybalski, interview with author. Fleck is on a partial list of wartime Weigl employees compiled in 1994 by Tomasz Cieszy
ski, Zbigniew Stuchly, Andrzej Nespiak, and Jan Starzyk, accessible at www.lwow.com.pl/weigl/weiglowcy.html.

However, Fleck did meet
:
Fleck, “Untersuchungen,” 505, 510.

A while later
:
Transkript der Handschrift von Frau Dr. Seeman, LFZ, Unterlagen und Notizen von Thomas Schnelle, Allgemeine Korrespondenz und Notizen von TS 1978–1993, 4.1 Signatur 97; also Shoah Foundation, 26409 Bruno Seeman.

As the weather turned
:
Fleck, “Badania nad tyfusem plamistym w getcie lwowskim” (Typhus research in the Lwów ghetto), Yad Vashem, Marek Dworzecki-Archiv, Sign p. 10/File 52, 366–72.

The outbreak began
:
Redner,
Recollections
, 30.

That winter
:
Fleck, “Badania,” 368.

The pattern had been
:
Martin Broszat,
Nationalsozialistische Polenpolitik, 1939–1945
(Frankfurt: Fischer, 1965), 218; Christopher Browning, “Genocide and Public Health: German Doctors and Polish Jews, 1939–1941,” in
The Path to Genocide: Essays on Launching the Final Solution
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 146–61; Wilhelm Hagen, “Krieg, Hunger und Pestilenz in Warschau, 1939–43,”
Gesundheitswesen und Desinfektion
8 (1973): 115.

Frank, the German
:
Browning, “Genocide,” 154–58.

Hirszfeld, who had been
:
Hirszfeld,
One Life
, 182, 191, 252, 259.

On April 24, 1943
:
Himmler’s speech is reprinted in U.S. Office of Chief of Counsel for the Prosecution of Axis Criminality,
Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression
, vol. 4 (Washington, DC: GPO, 1946), 574.

Chapter 7: The Fantastic Laboratory of Dr. Weigl

“
Its base was the farmers
”:
Mirosław
uławski, “Weiglówka” {Memories of Lwów), accessed at lwow.com.pl/weiglowka.html.

The tens of millions
:
Stefan Kry
ski et al., “Weigl’s Method of Intrarectal Inoculation of Lice in Production of Typhus Vaccine and Experimental Works with
Rickettsia prowazeki
,”
Annales Academiae Medicae Gedanensis
4 (1974): 21.

Vaccine production began
:
Ibid., 20–51; Szybalski, “Genius.”

The Gestapo arrested
:
Mark Kac,
Enigmas of Chance: An Autobiography
(New York: Harper & Row, 1985), 85–89.

Marek Zakrzewski
:
Zakrzewski, “Wspomnienia karmiciela wszy” (Memories of a louse feeder), accessed at http://lwow.home.pl/semper/wszy1.html.

Banach usually sat
:
Szybalski, interview with author.

Szybalski was particularly
:
Szybalski, interview with John J. Greczek, March 2007.

Banach’s love for Lwów
:
Kac,
Enigmas
, 82.

Szybalski’s father, Stefan
:
Eva Szybalski,
Lwów, a City Lost: Memories of a Cherished Childhood
, 144, accessed at http://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/3143300/lwow-a-city-lost-comcastnet.

In 1943, the Germans
:
Martin Broszat,
Nationalsozialistische Polenpolitik, 1939–1945
(Frankfurt: Fischer, 1965), 169–73.

The Nazis were proving
:
Benedikt Friedman;
Ich träumte von Brot und Büchern: Zornige Erinnerungen eines jüdischen Österreichers
(Vienna: Promedia, 1992), 90; David Kahane,
Lvov Ghetto Diary
, trans. Jerzy Michalowicz (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1990), 77.

Wherever Jews went
:
Kahane,
Diary
, 70–71.

“
The brutality of these
”:
Kogon,
Hell
, 20.

In the hospital
:
Fleck, “Wie wir den Anti-Flecktyphus-Impfstoff im Lemberger Ghetto hergestellt haben,” in
Denkstile
, 521–23; Fleck, “Untersuchungen zum Flecktyphus im Lemberger Ghetto in den Jahren 1941–1942,” ibid., 505–14.

When relatives got
:
Marek Redner,
Recollections on the Life and Martyrdom of Jewish Medical Doctors in the Lvov Ghetto
(n.p.: A. S. Redner, 2003), 31–36.

Samuel Drix
:
Drix,
Witness to Annihilation: Surviving the Holocaust: A Memoir
(Washington: Brassey’s, 1994), 93–95.

Most of the survivors
:
Hirszfeld,
One Life
, 221.

After the war
:
“Briefwechsel mit Ludwik Hirszfeld,” in
Denkstile
, 574.

News of Fleck’s vaccine
:
Tadeusz Kielanowski, “My Meetings with Ludwick Fleck in Lublin during the Years 1945–1950,”
Kwartalnik historii nauki i technologi
(1983): 582–85.

At the Weigl
:
Anna Fabia
ska, “Wspomnienia preparatorki” (Memories of a
preparatorki
), accessed at http://lwow.home.pl/weigl/fabianska.html.