The Fiery Trial (59 page)

33.
Philip S. Foner,
Business and Slavery: The New York Merchants and the Irrepressible Conflict
(Chapel Hill, 1941); Steven Deyle,
Carry Me Back: The Domestic Slave Trade in American Life
(New York, 2005); James L. Huston, “Property Rights in Slavery and the Coming of the Civil War,”
JSH
, 65 (May 1999), 254.

34.
Betty L. Fladeland, “Compensated Emancipation: A Rejected Alternative,”
JSH
, 42 (May 1976), 171–76; Robert P. Forbes,
The Missouri Compromise and Its Aftermath: Slavery and the Meaning of America
(Chapel Hill, 2007), 170.

35.
Harper’s Weekly
, April 5, 1862; Forbes,
Missouri Compromise
, 28, 219, 251; David Brion Davis, “Reconsidering the Colonization Movement: Leonard Bacon and the Problem of Evil,”
Intellectual History Newsletter
, 14 (1992), 3–4.

36.
Philip S. Foner, ed.,
The Life and Writings of Frederick Douglass
(5 vols.; New York, 1950–75), 1: 390; Merrill D. Peterson, ed.,
Thomas Jefferson: Writings
(New York, 1984), 1484–87.

37.
Isaac V. Brown,
Biography of the Rev. Robert Finley
(2nd ed.; Philadelphia, 1857), 103–15; Douglas R. Edgerton, “Averting a Crisis: The Proslavery Critique of the American Colonization Society,”
CWH
, 43 (June 1997), 143–47; Daniel W. Howe,
The Political Culture of the American Whigs
(Chicago, 1979), 136.

38.
Robert V. Remini,
Henry Clay: Statesman for the Union
(New York, 1991), 491–92, 508, 617–18, 772–73; Hopkins,
Papers of Henry Clay
, 8: 483; 9: 256–57, 779–80; 10: 356, 844–46; Harold D. Tallant,
Evil Necessity: Slavery and Political Culture in Antebellum Kentucky
(Lexington, Ky., 2003), 49; Edgerton, “Averting a Crisis,” 147.

39.
Schuyler Colfax to William H. Seward, April 27, 1850, William H. Seward Papers, Rush Rhees Library, University of Rochester;
CW
, 2: 79; 3: 29; Remini,
Henry Clay
, 8n.; Hopkins,
Papers of Henry Clay
, 10: 844–46.

40.
Dixon D. Bruce Jr., “National Identity and African-American Colonization, 1773–1817,”
Historian
, 58 (Autumn 1995), 15–28; Floyd J. Miller,
The Search for a Black Nationality: Black Emigration and Colonization, 1787–1863
(Urbana, Ill., 1975), 25–29, 49–50; Leonard I. Sweet,
Black Images of America, 1784–1870
(New York, 1976), 39–43.

41.
William Lloyd Garrison,
Thoughts on African Colonization
(Boston, 1832), 5;
Proceedings of the American Anti-Slavery Society at Its Third Decade
(New York, 1864), 19–20; Manisha Sinha, “Black Abolitionism: The Assault on Southern Slavery and the Struggle for Equal Rights,” in Ira Berlin and Leslie Harris, eds.,
Slavery in New York
(New York, 2005), 243; Hopkins,
Papers of Henry Clay
, 8: 773, 793.

42.
Robert Cover,
Justice Accused: Antislavery and the Judicial Process
(New Haven, 1975), 44–45; Wendell Phillips,
Speeches, Lectures, and Letters
(Boston, 1863), 110; Patrick Rael,
Black Identity and Black Protest in the Antebellum North
(Chapel Hill, 2002), 47.

43.
Paul Starr,
The Creation of the Media
(New York, 2004), 86–88; Richard S. Newman,
The Transformation of American Abolitionism: Fighting Slavery in the Early Republic
(Chapel Hill, 2002), 131–32, 158–59.

44.
Newman,
Transformation
, 6; Merrill D. Peterson,
The Jeffersonian Image in the American Mind
(New York, 1960), 172–73;
Liberator
, January 1, 1831; Zebina Eastman, “History of the Anti-Slavery Agitation, and the Growth of the Liberty and Republican Parties in the State of Illinois,” in Rufus Blanchard,
Discovery and Conquests of the North-west, with the History of Chicago
(Wheaton, Ill., 1879), 663–65; C. Peter Ripley et al., eds.,
The Black Abolitionist Papers
(5 vols.; Chapel Hill, 1985–93), 3: 191.

45.
Larry Cephair, ed.,
The Public Years of Sarah and Angelina Grimké: Selected Writings, 1835–1839
(New York, 1989), 194–95; William E. Nelson,
The Roots of American Bureaucracy, 1830–1900
(Cambridge, Mass., 1982), 51; Jacobus tenBroek,
The Antislavery Origins of the Fourteenth Amendment
(Berkeley, 1951), 71–90; Lydia Maria Child,
An Appeal in Favor of That Class of Americans Called Africans
(Boston, 1833).

46.
Newman,
Transformation
, 120; Foner,
Life and Writings of Frederick Douglass
, 4: 167–68; Paul Goodman,
Of One Blood: Abolitionism and the Origins of Racial Equality
(Berkeley, 1998), 1, 57–62;
Colored American
(New York), May 9, 1840.

47.
Sean Wilentz,
The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln
(New York, 2005), 423–32; Leonard P. Richards,
“Gentlemen of Property and Standing”: Anti-Abolition Mobs in Jacksonian America
(New York, 1970), 12–14.

48.
Randolph A. Roth,
The Democratic Dilemma: Religion, Reform, and the Social Order in the Connecticut River Valley of Vermont, 1791–1850
(New York, 1987), 180; Richards, “
Gentlemen
,” 27–36; Hopkins,
Papers of Henry Clay
, 9: 81, 278–82.

49.
Dillon, “Antislavery Movement,” 132–44; Winkle, “Paradox,” 14–15; Willard L. King,
Lincoln’s Manager: David Davis
(Cambridge, Mass., 1960), 51; Charles N. Zucker, “The Free Negro Question: Race Relations in Antebellum Illinois, 1801–1860” (unpub. diss., Northwestern University, 1972), 191, 319.

50.
Liberator
, August 4, 1837; Dillon, “Antislavery Movement,” 176–89; Wilentz,
Rise
, 486; Edward Magdol,
Owen Lovejoy: Abolitionist in Congress
(New Brunswick, N.J., 1967), 11.

51.
Richard L. Miller,
Lincoln and His World: Prairie Politician, 1834–1842
(Mechanicsburg, Pa., 2008), 204–5;
Proceedings of the Ill. Anti-Slavery Convention: Held at Upper Alton on the Twenty-sixth, Twenty-seventh, and Twenty-eighth October, 1837
(Alton, 1838), 1–11.

52.
Proceedings of the Ill. Anti-Slavery Convention
, 14–22; Dillon, “Antislavery Movement,” 294–95; Dana E. Weiner, “Racial Radicals: Antislavery Activism in the Old Northwest” (unpub. diss., Northwestern University, 2007), 319–20, 338–39.

53.
James B. Stewart, “The Emergence of Racial Modernity and the Rise of the White North, 1790–1840,”
Journal of the Early Republic
, 18 (Summer 1998), 197–201; Harris,
History of Negro Servitude
, 62–67, 97;
Chicago Tribune
, June 12, 1874; Winkle,
Young Eagle
, 257; Michael K. Curtis, “The 1837 Killing of Elijah Lovejoy by an Anti-Abolition Mob: Free Speech, Mobs, Republican Government, and the Privileges of American Citizens,”
UCLA Law Review
, 44 (April 1997), 1009–11, 1046–50.

54.
Zucker, “Free Negro Question,” 270–77; Weiner, “Racial Radicals,” 129–31; Dana E. Weiner, “Anti-Abolition Violence and Freedom of Speech in Peoria, Illinois, 1843–1848,”
JIH
, 11 (Autumn 2008), 179–81;
Liberator
, May 26, 1843.

55.
Orville H. Browning to Isaac N. Arnold, November 25, 1872, Isaac N. Arnold Papers, Chicago History Museum.

56.
African Repository and Colonial Journal
, 13 (April 1837), 109;
Journal of the Senate of the Tenth General Assembly of the State of Illinois
(Vandalia, [1837]), 195–98;
Journal of the House of Representatives of the Tenth General Assembly of the State of Illinois
(Vandalia, [1837]), 238–44.

57.
CW
, 1: 74–75.

58.
CW
, 4: 65;
CG
, 36th Congress, 2nd Session, appendix, 248.

59.
Chicago Press and Tribune
, June 5, 1860;
Journal of the House of Representatives
, 238; Burlingame,
Abraham Lincoln: A Life
, 1: 122–27; Wilson and Davis, eds.,
Herndon’s Lincoln
, 119. David Donald calls the protest “a cautious limited dissent,” which seems unfair. Donald,
Lincoln
, 63.

60.
Davis,
Frontier Illinois
, 243;
CW
, 1: 108–15; Dorothy Ross, “Lincoln and the Ethics of Emancipation: Universalism, Nationalism, Exceptionalism,”
JAH
, 96 (September 2009), 387; Michael Feldberg,
The Turbulent Era: Riot and Disorder in Jacksonian America
(New York, 1980), 3–4; Miller,
Lincoln and His World: Prairie Politician
, 210–11.

61.
For example, George B. Forgie,
Patricide in the House Divided: A Psychological Interpretation of Lincoln and His Age
(New York, 1979); Donald,
Lincoln
, 81–82; Richard Striner,
Father Abraham: Lincoln’s Relentless Struggle to End Slavery
(New York, 2006), 30; and William E. Gienapp,
Abraham Lincoln and Civil War America
(New York, 2002), 31–32. Burlingame suggests that Lincoln aimed his warning of a future tyrant against Douglas. Burlingame,
Abraham Lincoln: A Life
, 1: 140.

62.
John Ashworth,
“Agrarians” and “Aristocrats”: Party Political Ideology in the United States, 1837–1846
(London, 1983), 59–61.

63.
CW
, 1: 109–13; Neil Schmitz, “Murdered McIntosh, Murdered Lovejoy: Abraham Lincoln and the Problem of Jacksonian Address,”
Arizona Quarterly
, 44 (Autumn 1988), 26.

64.
Michael K. Curtis,
Free Speech, “The People’s Darling Privilege”: Struggles for Freedom of Expression in American History
(Durham, 2000), 10–13, 185–87, 260–61; Major L. Wilson, “Lincoln and Van Buren in the Steps of the Fathers: Another Look at the Lyceum Address,”
CWH
, 29 (September 1983), 197.

65.
Faragher,
Sugar Creek
, 152; Winkle,
Young Eagle
, 274–85;
CW
, 6: 487.

66.
CW
, 1: 271–79.

67.
Gabor S. Boritt,
Lincoln and the Economics of the American Dream
(Memphis, 1978), 97–98;
CW
, 3: 5–6, 16.

68.
CW
, 1: 279.

69.
Journal of the House of Representatives of the Ninth General Assembly of the State of Illinois
(Vandalia, 1836), 236.

70.
Burlingame,
Abraham Lincoln: A Life
, 1: 109–10, 154–55; Miller,
Lincoln and His World: Prairie Politician
, 53–54, 77; King,
Lincoln’s Manager
, 38; Zucker, “Free Negro Question,” 181–83;
The Votes and Speeches of Martin Van Buren, on the Subjects of the Right of Suffrage…
(New York, 1840).

2
“Always a Whig”

1.
CW
, 1: 180, 201–5, 315; 3: 511–12; Joel Silbey, “‘Always a Whig in Politics’: The Partisan Life of Abraham Lincoln,”
Papers of the Abraham Lincoln Association
, 8 (1986), 21–24; Michael Burlingame, “Lincoln Spins the Press,” in Charles M. Hubbard, ed.,
Lincoln Reshapes the Presidency
(Macon, Ga., 2003), 65; Harry E. Pratt, ed.,
Illinois as Lincoln Knew It
(Springfield, Ill., 1938), 33.

2.
Donald W. Riddle,
Lincoln Runs for Congress
(New Brunswick, N.J., 1948), 36–38; Douglas L. Wilson and Rodney O. Davis, eds.,
Herndon’s Informants
(Urbana, Ill., 1998), 480; Michael F. Holt,
The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party
(New York, 1999), 214–15.

3.
Daniel W. Howe, “Why Abraham Lincoln Was a Whig,”
JALA
, 16 (Winter 1995), 27–38; Kenneth J. Winkle,
The Young Eagle: The Rise of Abraham Lincoln
(Dallas, 2001), 186–88, 247.

4.
Daniel W. Howe,
The Political Culture of the American Whigs
(Chicago, 1979); John Ashworth,
Slavery, Capitalism, and Politics in the Antebellum Republic
(2 vols.; New York, 1995–2007), 1: 315–23.

5.
Calvin Colton,
Labor and Capital
(New York, 1844), 36; John Ashworth,
“Agrarians” and “Aristocrats”: Party Political Ideology in the United States, 1837–1846
(London, 1983), 62–71; Thomas Brown,
Politics and Statesmanship: Essays on the American Whig Party
(New York, 1985), 48, 120, 179; Eric Foner,
Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War
(New York, 1995 ed.), xx–xxi; Howe,
Political Culture
, 131.