The Fiery Trial (63 page)

28.
CW
, 3: 5, 140, 177, 213–14, 220, 299–300; Walter B. Stevens,
A Reporter’s Lincoln
, ed. Michael Burlingame (Lincoln, Neb., 1998), 86; David Davis to Lincoln, September 25, 1858, ALP.

29.
CW
, 3: 11, 225–26, 254–55.

30.
Guelzo,
Lincoln and Douglas
, 367;
CW
, 3: 284, 304–15.

31.
Zarefsky,
Lincoln, Douglas and Slavery
, 49–52;
CW
, 2: 479–81, 545; Angle,
Created Equal?
, 33; Frederick Douglass to Susan B. Anthony, June 5, 1861, Harper Collection, HL.

32.
David Davis to Lincoln, August 3, 1858, ALP; J. McCan Davis,
Abraham Lincoln: His Book
(New York, 1903).

33.
CW
, 3: 327–28; Christopher N. Breiseth, “Lincoln, Douglas, and Springfield in the 1858 Campaign,” in Cullom Davis et al., eds.,
The Public and the Private Lincoln: Contemporary Perspectives
(Carbondale, Ill., 1979), 16–17.

34.
Guelzo,
Lincoln and Douglas
, 282–88; Michael Burlingame,
Abraham Lincoln: A Life
(2 vols.; Baltimore, 2008), 1: 548–49; Joseph F. Newton,
Lincoln and Herndon
(Cedar Rapids, 1910), 234;
New York Tribune
, June 24, 1858;
CW
, 4: 34;
Chicago Press and Tribune
, November 5, 1858.

35.
Burlingame,
Abraham Lincoln: A Life
, 1: 546;
Chicago Press and Tribune
, November 5, 1858.

36.
Roy F. Nichols,
The Disruption of American Democracy
(New York, 1948), 205–25; Charles H. Ray to Lincoln, July 27, 1858, ALP;
National Era
, November 18, 1858;
Independent
, October 21, 1858; Benjamin W. Arnett, ed.,
Duplicate Copy of the Souvenir from the Afro-American League of Tennessee to Hon. James M. Ashley of Ohio
(Philadelphia, 1894), 17–18; Philip S. Foner,
The Life and Writings of Frederick Douglass
(5 vols.; New York, 1950–73), 5: 409–10;
CW
, 3: 18, 181, 337, 340; Guelzo, “Houses Divided,” 417.

37.
CG
, 33rd Congress, 1st Session, appendix, 447. For a full discussion of the free-labor ideology of the Republican party, see Foner,
Free Soil
.

38.
Marcus Cunliffe,
Chattel Slavery and Wage Slavery: The Anglo-American Context, 1830–1860
(Athens, Ga., 1979), 7; Manisha Sinha,
The Counterrevolution of Slavery: Ideology and Politics in Antebellum South Carolina
(Chapel Hill, 2000), 88–93, 140–42, 222–29;
CG
, 35th Congress, 1st Session, 962.

39.
New York Times
, November 18, 1857;
CG
, 35th Congress, 1st Session, 1093; Istvan Hont and Michael Ignatieff, “Needs and Justice in the
Wealth of Nations
: An Introductory Essay,” in Istvan Hont and Michael Ignatieff, eds.,
Wealth and Virtue: The Shaping of Political Economy in the Scottish Enlightenment
(Cambridge, U.K., 1983), 13–15; John Ashworth, “Free Labor, Wage Labor, and the Slave Power: Republicanism and the Republican Party in the 1850s,” in Melvyn Stokes and Stephen Conway, eds.,
The Market Revolution in America: Social, Political, and Religious Expressions, 1800–1880
(Charlottesville, 1996), 139–40.

40.
CW
, 1: 411–12.

41.
CW
, 2: 364.

42.
Stephen A. Douglas, “The Dividing Line between Federal and Local Authority: Popular Sovereignty in the Territories,”
Harper’s New Monthly Magazine
, 19 (September 1859), 519–37;
CW
, 3: 405–6, 410, 435.

43.
Charles H. Ray to Lincoln, n.d. [July 1858], ALP;
CW
, 3: 459–63.

44.
CW
, 3: 478.

45.
CW
, 3: 356–57, 363, 476–78.

46.
James A. Stevenson, “Lincoln vs. Douglas over the Republican Ideal,”
American Studies
, 35 (Spring 1994), 66–67; John Mack Faragher,
Sugar Creek: Life on the Illinois Prairie
(New Haven, 1986), 177–203; Kenneth J. Winkle, “The Voters of Lincoln’s Springfield: Migration and Political Participation in an Antebellum City,”
Journal of Social History
, 25 (Spring 1992), 604–6; Paul M. Angle,
“Here I Have Lived”: A History of Lincoln’s Springfield, 1821–1865
(New Brunswick, N.J., 1935), 175; Philip S. Paludan,
The Presidency of Abraham Lincoln
(Lawrence, Kans., 1994), 9–11; David A. Zonderman,
Aspirations and Anxieties: New England Workers and the Mechanized Factory System, 1815–1850
(New York, 1992), 293;
CW
, 3: 459, 479.

47.
David Herbert Donald,
Lincoln
(New York, 1995), 234;
CW
, 2: 121; 3: 478–79; 4: 24; Mildred A. Beik,
Labor Relations
(Westport, Conn., 2005), 41–42.

48.
New York Times
, April 7, 1854; Roy F. Basler, ed.,
The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln: First Supplement, 1832–1865
(New Brunswick, N.J., 1974), 43.

49.
CP
, 3: 20–21;
CW
, 3: 437; 4: 16, 24.

50.
CG
, 36th Congress, 1st Session, appendix, 282; A. L. Robinson to Salmon P. Chase, November 30, 1857, Salmon P. Chase Papers, LC; Hans L. Trefousse,
Benjamin Franklin Wade: Radical Republican from Ohio
(New York, 1963), 119, 311–12;
Minutes of the State Convention of the Colored Citizens of Ohio
(Columbus, Ohio, 1851), 23;
Speech of Hon. William H. Seward at Jackson, October 4, 1856
(n.p., 1856), 12–13; Baker,
Works of William H. Seward
, 1: 56; Dorothy Ross, “‘Are We a Nation?’ The Conjuncture of Nationhood and Race in the United States, 1850–1876,”
Modern Intellectual History
, 2 (November 2005), 327–60.

51.
CG
, 35th Congress, 2nd Session, 1006; Foner,
Free Soil
, 264–67.

52.
Foner,
Free Soil
, 290–92;
New York Tribune
, January 17, 1851;
Ohio State Journal
, May 22, 1857.

53.
Foner,
Free Soil
, 281–84;
CP
, 1: 201–2, 239; Paul Finkelman, “Prelude to the Fourteenth Amendment: Black Legal Rights in the Antebellum North,”
Rutgers Law Journal
, 17 (Spring and Summer 1986), 427.

54.
Hartford Courant
, March 13, 1860;
CG
, 36th Congress, 1st Session, 1910.

55.
African Repository
, 29 (April 1853), 106–7; Foner,
Free Soil
, 286; Linda Hartman, “The Issue of Freedom in Illinois under Gov. Richard Yates, 1861–1865,”
JISHS
, 57 (Autumn 1964), 293;
Great Speech of Hon. Lyman Trumbull, On the Issues of the Day
(Chicago, 1858), 13; Eugene H. Berwanger,
The Frontier against Slavery: Western Anti-Negro Prejudice and the Slavery Extension Controversy
(Urbana, Ill., 1967), 124–32; A. N. Ballinger to Lyman Trumbull, February 16, 1860, LTP.

56.
For an introduction to the voluminous literature on Lincoln and race, see Benjamin Quarles,
Lincoln and the Negro
(New York, 1962); Arthur Zilversmit, “Lincoln and the Problem of Race: A Decade of Interpretations,”
Papers of the Abraham Lincoln Association
, 2 (1980), 21–45; Lerone Bennett,
Forced into Glory: Abraham Lincoln’s White Dream
(Chicago, 2000) (which claims, on p. 66, that “racism was the center and circumference of his being”); George M. Fredrickson,
‘Big Enough to be Inconsistent’: Slavery and Race in the Thought and Politics of Abraham Lincoln
(Cambridge, Mass., 2008); Henry Louis Gates Jr. and Donald Yacovone, eds.,
Lincoln on Race and Slavery
(Princeton, 2009); and James Oakes, “Natural Rights, Citizenship Rights, States’ Rights, and Black Rights: Another Look at Lincoln and Race,” in Eric Foner, ed.,
Our Lincoln: New Perspectives on Lincoln and His World
(New York, 2008), 109–34. George M. Fredrickson discusses the burgeoning literature on race during the 1850s in
The Black Image in the White Mind: The Debate on Afro-American Character and Destiny, 1817–1914
(New York, 1971), 71–129,

57.
CW
, 3: 20, 28–29, 317; Bennett,
Forced into Glory
, 14, 90–100; David Mearns,
The Lincoln Papers
(2 vols.; Garden City, N.Y., 1948), 1: 169.

58.
CW
, 2: 132, 157, 520.

59.
Richard E. Hart, “Springfield’s African-Americans as a Part of the Lincoln Community,”
JALA
, 20 (Winter 1999), 35–36, 45; Kenneth J. Winkle,
The Young Eagle: The Rise of Abraham Lincoln
(Dallas, 2001), 262–66; Kenneth J. Winkle, “‘Paradox Though it may Seem’: Lincoln on Antislavery, Race, and Union, 1837–1860,” in Brian Dirck, ed.,
Lincoln Emancipated: The President and the Politics of Race
(DeKalb, Ill., 2007), 19–20; Elmer Gertz, “The Black Codes of Illinois,”
JISHS
, 56 (Autumn 1963), 493;
Christian Recorder
, March 21, 1863.

60.
Liberator
, July 13, 1860; Christopher R. Reed,
Black Chicago’s First Century
(Columbia, Mo., 2005–), 1: 105;
New York Journal of Commerce
, October 11, 1859.

61.
North Star
, June 13, 1850; Foner,
Life and Writings of Frederick Douglass
, 2: 490;
CW
, 3: 399; 4: 504.

62.
CW
, 2: 222–23.

63.
CW
, 2: 521; Dorothy Ross, “Lincoln and the Ethics of Emancipation: Universalism, Nationalism, Exceptionalism,”
JAH
, 96 (September 2009), 391.

64.
New York Herald
, January 12, 1860.

65.
Foner,
Free Soil
, 268–72; Francis P. Blair Jr.,
The Destiny of the Races of This Continent
(Washington, D.C., 1859), 5–8, 23–27; William E. Parrish,
Frank Blair: Lincoln’s Conservative
(Columbia, Mo., 1998), 66–68, 80; Francis P. Blair to Henry Ward Beecher, January 15, 1857 (draft), Blair-Lee Papers, Princeton University;
CG
, 35th Congress, 1st Session, 293–98.

66.
Foner,
Free Soil
, 270;
New York Tribune
, July 3, 1858;
Chicago Press and Tribune
, March 4 and May 3, 1860;
Address of Montgomery Blair to the Maryland State Republican Convention
(Washington, D.C., 1860), 7.

67.
Blair,
Destiny of the Races
, 24; Sharon H. Strom, “Labor, Race, and Colonization: Imagining a Post-Slavery World in the Americas,” in Steven Mintz and John Stauffer, eds.,
The Problem of Evil: Slavery, Freedom, and the Ambiguities of American Reform
(Amherst, Mass., 2007), 264; Robert May,
Manifest Destiny’s Underworld: Filibustering in Antebellum America
(Chapel Hill, 2002); Matthew P. Guterl,
American Mediterranean: Southern Slaveholders in the Age of Emancipation
(Cambridge, Mass., 2008), 53;
CG
, 35th Congress, 1st Session, 293; Nicholas B. Wainwright, ed.,
A Philadelphia Perspective: The Diary of Sidney George Fisher Covering the Years 1834–1871
(Philadelphia, 1967), 369.

68.
Parrish,
Frank Blair
, 80; William W. Freehling,
The Road to Disunion: Secessionists Triumphant, 1854–1861
(New York, 2007), 327.

69.
Chicago Press and Tribune
, October 7, 1858; Richard H. Sewell,
Ballots for Freedom: Antislavery Politics in the United States, 1837–1860
(New York, 1976), 185; Foner,
Free Soil
, 276–78; James D. Bilotta,
Race and the Rise of the Republican Party, 1848–1865
(New York, 1992), 114–16;
CG
, 36th Congress, 1st Session, 60–61; Charles Sumner to James Russell Lowell, December 14, 1857, James Russell Lowell Papers, Houghton Library, Harvard University.

70.
CG
, 36th Congress, 1st Session, appendix, 154–55; D. R. Tilden to Benjamin F. Wade, March 27, 1860, Benjamin F. Wade Papers, LC; Charles Francis Adams Diary, January 26, 1859, Adams Family Papers, Massachusetts Historical Society.

71.
New York Tribune
, March 10, 1856; Foner,
Free Soil
, 120–23;
National Era
, August 14, 1856; William H. Seward to James Watson Webb, October 1, 1858, William H. Seward Papers, Rush Rhees Library, University of Rochester;
Chicago Press and Tribune
, May 31, 1860;
CG
, 36th Congress, 1st Session, appendix, 51.