The Fiery Trial (70 page)

28.
38th Congress, 2nd Session, House Executive Document 1, pt. 3, 310;
Washington Daily Morning Chronicle
, March 21, 1864;
New York Herald
, March 22, 1864; Michael Vorenberg,
Final Freedom: The Civil War, the Abolition of Slavery, and the Thirteenth Amendment
(New York, 2001), 106;
CG
, 38th Congress, 1st Session, 1770.

29.
Heather C. Richardson,
The Greatest Nation of the Earth: Republican Economic Policies during the Civil War
(Cambridge, Mass., 1997), 164–67; F. P. Stanton, “The Freedmen of the South,”
Continental Monthly
, 2 (December 1862), 731–32;
African Repository
, 40 (February 1864), 47.

30.
Douglass’ Monthly
, 5 (October 1862), 724–25.

31.
David A. Nichols,
Lincoln and the Indians: Civil War Policy and Politics
(Columbia, Mo., 1978), 76–127, 175–83;
OR
, ser. 1, 13: 686; Alexander Ramsay to Lincoln, November 28, 1862, ALP;
CW
, 2: 217; 3: 511; 4: 61; 5: 493, 542–43; 6: 6–7.

32.
CW
, 5: 526; 6: 151–53; 7: 47–48; 8: 147; Nichols,
Lincoln and the Indians
, 27–41, 186–99.

33.
James M. McPherson,
Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era
(New York, 1988), 636–37. Douglas Wilson emphasizes the careful drafting and wide impact of Lincoln’s public letters. Douglas L. Wilson,
Lincoln’s Sword: The Presidency and the Power of Words
(New York, 2006).

34.
Erastus Corning et al. to Lincoln, May 19, 1863, ALP; Philip S. Paludan,
“A People’s Contest”: The Union and Civil War, 1861–1865
(New York, 1988), 240–44; Charles B. Flood,
1864: Lincoln at the Gates of History
(New York, 2009), 22; Nathaniel P. Tallmadge to William H. Seward, May 24, 1863, ALP;
WD
, 1: 322.

35.
CW
, 6: 248, 262–69, 303–5.

36.
Mark E. Neely Jr.,
The Fate of Liberty: Abraham Lincoln and Civil Liberties
(New York, 1991), 67–71; Frederick P. Stanton, “Union Not to Be Maintained by Force,”
Continental Monthly
, 5 (January 1864), 75; Henry W. Bellows,
Unconditional Loyalty
(New York, 1863), 5; Nicholas B. Wainwright, ed.,
A Philadelphia Perspective: The Diary of Sidney George Fisher Covering the Years 1834–1871
(Philadelphia, 1967), 462. On wartime patriotism, the best account is Melinda Lawson,
Patriot Fires: Forging a New American Nationalism in the Civil War North
(Lawrence, Kans., 2002).

37.
CW
, 6: 407–10, 414, 430.

38.
David P. Brown to Lincoln, June 15, 1863; Hugh McCulloch to Lincoln, June 16, 1863; William A. Hall to Lincoln, June 15, 1863; Israel Washburn Jr. to Lincoln, September 15, 1863, all in ALP;
Boston Transcript
in
Liberator
, September 11, 1863; V. Jacque Voegeli,
Free but Not Equal: The Midwest and the Negro during the Civil War
(Chicago, 1967), 121–31; Flood,
1864
, 22.

39.
Gabor Boritt,
The Gettysburg Gospel: The Lincoln Speech That Nobody Knows
(New York, 2008), 98–113;
CW
, 7: 23.

40.
Springfield Weekly Republican
, November 28, 1863; Edward Everett to Lincoln, November 20, 1863, ALP;
Chicago Times
, November 23, 1863.

41.
CW
, 1: 108;
CG
, 37th Congress, 1st Session, 4; Dorothy Ross, “Lincoln and the Ethics of Emancipation: Universalism, Nationalism, Exceptionalism,”
JAH
, 96 (September 2009), 387; Boritt,
Gettysburg Gospel
, 118. Psalm 90:10 reads, “The days of our years are threescore and ten.”

42.
CG
, 37th Congress, 2nd Session, 736–37; Herman Belz,
Reconstructing the Union: Theory and Policy during the Civil War
(Ithaca, 1969), 40–63, 75–79.

43.
CW
, 6: 440–41; 7: 2.

44.
CW
, 6: 48–49, 358; Don E. Fehrenbacher and Virginia Fehrenbacher, eds.,
Recollected Words of Abraham Lincoln
(Stanford, 1996), 146.

45.
CP
, 4: 6;
Brownson’s Quarterly Review
, National Series, 1 (January 1864), 93.

46.
New York Times
, August 13, 1863;
Speech of the Hon. Montgomery Blair (postmaster general) on the Revolutionary Schemes of the Ultra Abolitionists…
(n.p., 1863), 3–6;
The Works of Charles Sumner
(15 vols.; Boston, 1870–83), 7: 493–546.

47.
Montgomery Blair,
Comments on the Policy Inaugurated by the President, in a Letter and Two Speeches
(New York, 1863); Francis P. Blair Sr. to Appoline Blair, October 25, 1863, Blair Family Papers, LC; Henry Wilson to Lincoln, August 21, 1863; Zachariah Chandler to Lincoln, November 15, 1863, both in ALP; Burlingame and Ettlinger,
Inside Lincoln’s White House
, 105–6;
CW
, 7: 24.

48.
Allan Peskin,
Garfield
(Kent, Ohio, 1978), 223; Eric Foner,
The Story of American Freedom
(New York, 1998), 93–94; William E. Chandler to Montgomery Blair, November 20, 1863, Blair Family Papers, LC.

49.
CW
, 7: 36–56.

50.
Michael Burlingame,
Abraham Lincoln: A Life
(2 vols.; Baltimore, 2008), 2: 594–98;
Chicago Tribune
, December 15, 1863;
Philadelphia North American and United States Gazette
, December 11, 1863;
New York Times
, December 10, 1863; Virginia J. Laas, ed.,
Wartime Washington: The Civil War Correspondence of Elizabeth Blair Lee
(Urbana, Ill., 1991), 325–26;
Brownson’s Quarterly Review
, National Series, 1 (January 1864), 93;
New York Herald
, December 11, 1863.

51.
James G. Smart, ed.,
A Radical View: The “Agate” Dispatches of Whitelaw Reid 1861–1865
(2 vols.; Memphis, 1976), 2: 110; Beverly W. Palmer, ed.,
The Selected Letters of Charles Sumner
(2 vols.; Boston, 1990), 2: 216;
Boston Commonwealth
, December 18, 1863;
CP
, 4: 202–3, 225, 246; Montgomery Blair to Lincoln, December 6, 1864, ALP.

52.
Michael Burlingame, ed.,
Lincoln Observed: Civil War Dispatches of Noah Brooks
(Baltimore, 1998), 94;
Philadelphia Inquirer
, December 19, 1863; William B. Hesseltine,
Lincoln’s Plan of Reconstruction
(Tuscaloosa, Ala., 1960), 96–97;
CW
, 6: 440.

53.
Henry J. Raymond,
The Administration and the War
(New York, 1863), 9; Victor B. Howard,
Black Liberation in Kentucky: Emancipation and Freedom, 1862–1884
(Lexington, Ky., 1983), 36–61; Jesse W. Fell to F. Price, February 18, 1863, ALP.

54.
John A. Williams, “The New Dominion and the Old: Ante-Bellum and Statehood Politics as the Background of West Virginia’s ‘Bourbon Democracy,’”
West Virginia History
, 33 (July 1972), 342–52; Richard O. Curry, “Crisis Politics in West Virginia, 1861–1870,” in Richard O. Curry, ed.,
Radicalism, Racism, and Party Realignment: The Border States during Reconstruction
(Baltimore, 1969), 83–90.

55.
Richard P. Fuke, “Hugh Lennox Bond and Radical Republican Ideology,”
JSH
, 45 (November 1979), 583–84; Charles L. Wagandt,
The Mighty Revolution: Negro Emancipation in Maryland, 1862–1864
(Baltimore, 1964), 26, 77–85, 143; Henry Winter Davis,
Speeches and Addresses
(New York, 1867), 384–92.

56.
Montgomery Blair to Samuel L. M. Barlow, May 14, 1864, Samuel L. M. Barlow Papers, HL; Montgomery Blair to Augustus Bradford, September 26, 1863, Blair Family Papers, LC.

57.
CW
, 7: 226, 301–2.

58.
Wagandt,
Mighty Revolution
, 222–29;
Chicago Tribune
, October 14, 1864.

59.
CW
, 8, 41; Allan Nevins and Milton H. Thomas, eds.,
The Diary of George Templeton Strong
(4 vols.; New York, 1952), 3: 501; Burlingame,
Lincoln Observed
, 141–42; Joseph Hall to Lincoln, January 11, 1865, ALP; Herbert G. Gutman,
The Black Family in Slavery and Freedom, 1750–1925
(New York, 1976), 402–10;
Philadelphia North American and United States Gazette
, November 21, 1864.

60.
CW
, 6: 218, 234; Truman Woodruff to Lincoln, April 9, 1863; Samuel T. Glover to Lincoln, April 13, 1863; Charles D. Drake to Lincoln, April 29, 1863; Joseph W. McClurg to Lincoln, May 22, 1863, all in ALP.

61.
William E. Parrish,
Turbulent Partnership: Missouri and the Union, 1861–1865
(Columbia, Mo., 1963), 143, 223n.; John M. Schofield to Lincoln, June 20, 1863; James S. Rollins to Lincoln, September 8, 1863, both in ALP;
CW
, 6: 291;
Kansas City Journal of Commerce
in
Milwaukee Daily Sentinel
, April 29, 1863.

62.
William E. Parrish,
Frank Blair: Lincoln’s Conservative
(Columbia, Mo., 1998), 178–80;
CW
, 6: 358, 500–503; Michael Burlingame, ed.,
At Lincoln’s Side: John Hay’s Civil War Correspondence and Selected Writings
(Carbondale, Ill., 2000), 101.

63.
Richard H. Abbott,
The Republican Party and the South, 1855–1877: The First Southern Strategy
(Chapel Hill, 1986), 25–27; Norma L. Peterson,
Freedom and Franchise: The Political Career of B. Gratz Brown
(Columbia, Mo., 1965), 145–51;
Chicago Tribune
, February 26, 1864; David D. March, “Charles D. Drake and the Constitutional Convention of 1865,”
Missouri Historical Review
, 44 (January 1954), 110–23.

64.
Charles H. Ambler,
Francis H. Pierpont
(Chapel Hill, 1937), 221–31.

65.
Ruth C. Cowan, “Reorganization of Federal Arkansas, 1862–1865,”
Arkansas Historical Quarterly
, 18 (Summer, 1959), 255–70; Don E. Fehrenbacher,
Lincoln in Text and Context
(Stanford, 1987), 153–54;
CW
, 7: 108, 155, 161.

66.
Andrew Johnson to Lincoln, September 17, 1863; Horace Maynard to Lincoln, February 2, 1864; John S. Brien to Lincoln, January 30, 1864, all in ALP; Eric Foner,
Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877
(New York, 1988), 44;
CW
, 7: 209; 8: 58.

67.
Foner,
Reconstruction
, 176; John Cimprich,
Slavery’s End in Tennessee, 1861–1865
(Tuscaloosa, Ala., 1985), 109–10; Leroy P. Graf and Ralph W. Haskins, eds.,
The Papers of Andrew Johnson
(16 vols.; Knoxville, 1967–2000), 6: 171–72, 251–52, 344, 489–91, 581–82; William C. Harris,
With Charity for All: Lincoln and the Restoration of the Union
(Lexington, Ky., 1997), 223–27.

68.
Peyton McCrary,
Abraham Lincoln and Reconstruction: The Louisiana Experiment
(Princeton, 1978), 22–25, 78, 100, 160; William Cheault and Robert C. Reinders, “The Northern-Born Community of New Orleans in the 1850s,”
JAH
, 51 (September 1964), 232–47; Joe G. Taylor,
Louisiana Reconstructed, 1863–1877
(Baton Rouge, 1974), 410.

69.
CW
, 6: 364–65; 7: 1–2.

70.
CW
, 7: 66; LaWanda Cox,
Lincoln and Black Freedom
(Columbia, S.C., 1981), 59–69; Ted Tunnell,
Crucible of Reconstruction: War, Radicalism, and Race in Louisiana, 1862–1877
(Baton Rouge, 1984), 26–50.

71.
Cox,
Lincoln and Black Freedom
, 77;
OR
, ser. 1, 26, pt. 1, 694–95; ser. 3, 3: 232, 771;
CP
, 4: 133–34, 229–30, 320–21, 331; Nathaniel P. Banks to Lincoln, December 30, 1863, ALP; Harris,
With Charity for All
, 175–76.

72.
Foner,
Reconstruction
, 49; Cox,
Lincoln and Black Freedom
, 94–95;
Liberator
, April 1, 1864; Ted Tunnell, “Free Negroes and the Freedmen: Black Politics in New Orleans during the Civil War,”
Southern Studies
, 19 (Spring 1980), 16–17;
CW
, 7: 243. Lincoln’s letter to Governor Hahn did not become public until June 23, 1865, when the
New York Times
printed it at the request of Congressman William D. Kelley.