The Fiery Trial (64 page)

72.
St. Louis Globe-Democrat
, August 26, 1894;
CW
, 2: 131–32, 255–56, 298–99; 3: 15;
African Repository
, 34 (April 1858), 122.

73.
CW
, 2: 409.

74.
Catherine Clinton,
Mrs. Lincoln: A Life
(New York, 2009), 128; Francis P. Blair Jr. to Francis P. Blair, February 18, 1857, Blair Family Papers, LC; Newton,
Lincoln and Herndon
, 113–14;
CW
, 2: 409–10; William E. Smith,
The Francis Preston Blair Family in Politics
(2 vols.; New York, 1933), 1: 414–17; Wickliffe Kitchell to Lincoln, June 14, 1858; Lyman Trumbull to Lincoln, June 12, 1858, both in ALP; Parrish,
Frank Blair
, 73–74.

75.
Walter B. Stevens, “Lincoln and Missouri,”
Missouri Historical Review
, 10 (January 1916), 68;
CW
, 2: 298–99; 3: 233–34.

76.
Vincent Harding,
There Is a River: The Black Struggle for Freedom in America
(New York, 1981), 173–87;
State Convention of the Colored Citizens of Ohio
(Oberlin, 1849), 8; Floyd J. Miller,
The Search for a Black Nationality: Black Emigration and Colonization, 1787–1863
(Urbana, Ill., 1975), 190–93, 268; “Thoughts on Hayti,” by James T. Holly, which ran monthly in the
Anglo-African Magazine
from June to November 1859; African Civilization Society to Lincoln, November 5, 1863, ALP.

77.
Philip S. Foner and George E. Walker, eds.,
Proceedings of Black State Conventions, 1840–1865
(2 vols.; Philadelphia, 1979), 1: 335;
Weekly Anglo-African
, May 19 and 26, 1860, and February 23, 1861;
Douglass’ Monthly
, 1 (February 1859), 19, and 5 (October 1862), 724–25.

78.
African Repository and Colonial Journal
, 24 (May 1848), 158;
African Repository
, 26 (April 1850), 113–15; Charles N. Zucker, “The Free Negro Question: Race Relations in Antebellum Illinois, 1801–1860” (unpub. diss., Northwestern University, 1972), 206.

79.
Foner and Walker,
Proceedings of Black State Conventions
, 2: 60–64; Reed,
Black Chicago’s First Century
, 1: 106; Hart, “Springfield’s African-Americans,” 53;
Chicago Press and Tribune
, August 16, 1858.

80.
Dwight L. Dumond, ed.,
Southern Editorials on Secession
(New York, 1931), 230–31;
The Address and Reply on the Presentation of a Testimonial to S. P. Chase, by the Colored People of Cincinnati
(Cincinnati, 1845), 4–5; William C. Smedes to Henry J. Raymond, December 8, 1860, in Raymond to Lincoln, December 14, 1860, ALP;
CW
, 4: 156.

81.
James M. McPherson, ed.,
The Negro’s Civil War
(New York, 1965), 272–73.

5
“The Only Substantial Difference”

1.
Schuyler Colfax to Abraham Lincoln, July 14, 1859, ALP;
CW
, 3: 391.

2.
Diary of George White, October 7, 1860, Special Collections, Harvard Law Library. I am grateful to my colleague Elizabeth Blackmar for bringing this diary to my attention. White himself did not seem to have fixed principles. A Free Soiler in 1848, he voted for James Buchanan in 1856 and voted “unwillingly” for Lincoln in 1860.

3.
CW
, 3: 390–91.

4.
CW
, 3: 380, 383; E. L. Pierce to Charles Sumner, May 31, 1859, Charles Sumner Papers, Houghton Library, Harvard University; Eric Foner,
Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War
(New York, 1970), 251–52.

5.
CW
, 3: 351, 403, 504.

6.
New York Times
, March 9, 1857;
Boston Atlas and Daily Bee
, June 26, 1858; David Donald,
Charles Sumner and the Coming of the Civil War
(New York, 1961), 232; George Hoadley to Salmon P. Chase, April 9, 1859, Salmon P. Chase Papers, LC. Edward McPherson lists the northern personal liberty laws as of December 1860 in his book
The Political History of the United States during the Great Rebellion
(2nd ed.; Washington, D.C., 1865), 45–47.

7.
Foner,
Free Soil
, 135; Salmon P. Chase to Lincoln, June 13, 1859, ALP; Vroman Mason, “The Fugitive Slave Law in Wisconsin, with Reference to Nullification Sentiment,”
Proceedings of the Wisconsin State Historical Society
, 43 (1895), 122–44.

8.
Timothy O. Howe to George Rublee, April 3, 1859, Timothy O. Howe Papers, State Historical Society of Wisconsin;
Cincinnati Gazette
, November 17, 1859;
CW
, 3: 317, 384, 394–95, 460.

9.
CW
, 3: 379, 486–87;
Philadelphia North American and United States Gazette
, October 22, 1857, and August 14, 1858; Joseph H. Barrett to Salmon P. Chase, November 30, 1858, Salmon P. Chase Papers, LC; Charles Francis Adams to Charles Sumner, August 1, 1858, Letterbooks, Adams Family Papers, Massachusetts Historical Society; Lincoln to Thomas Corwin, October 9, 1859 (available online in New Document Discoveries section, website of Papers of Abraham Lincoln); Harold Holzer, “Lincoln Heard and Seen,”
American Heritage
, 56 (February–March 2005), 16.

10.
William C. Harris,
Lincoln’s Rise to the Presidency
(Lawrence, Kans., 2007), 158;
CW
, 3: 377, 491, 505. Gary Ecelbarger claims that Lincoln pursued the nomination throughout 1859 but “hid his cards.” Gary Ecelbarger,
The Great Comeback: How Abraham Lincoln Beat the Odds to Win the 1860 Republican Nomination
(New York, 2008).

11.
New York Tribune
, February 28, 1860; Michael T. Gilmore, “A Plot against America: Free Speech and the American Renaissance,”
Raritan
, 26 (Fall 2006), 91–96. Harold Holzer gives the fullest account of the speech and the circumstances of its delivery in his book
Lincoln at Cooper Union
(New York, 2004).

12.
CW
, 3: 370, 374–76, 522–50.

13.
Ecelbarger,
Great Comeback
, 147–53;
New York Herald
, February 29, 1860;
New York Tribune
, February 28, 1860;
CW
, 4: 17–19, 28–29.

14.
Harper’s Weekly
, May 26, 1860; John Wentworth to Lincoln, February 7, 1860, ALP; John Bigelow to William Cullen Bryant, March 20, 1860, John Bigelow Papers, New York Public Library; Foner,
Free Soil
, 211, 234–36;
Cincinnati Gazette
, May 5, 1860;
New York Times
, August 28, 1860.

15.
Foner,
Free Soil
, 211–13;
Chicago Press and Tribune
, February 27 and May 11, 1860;
CW
, 4: 36.

16.
John Farnsworth to Elihu B. Washburne, May 18, 1860, Elihu B. Washburne Papers, LC;
Chicago Press and Tribune
, February 16, 1860;
New York Tribune
, July 12, 1858;
Harper’s Weekly
, May 12, 1860; Lyman Trumbull to Lincoln, April 24, 1860; Mark W. Delahay to Lincoln, March 26, 1860, both in ALP.

17.
George Ashmun to Henry Wilson, April 22, 1860, Henry Wilson Papers, LC;
Chicago Press and Tribune
, May 15, 1860; Harold Holzer,
Lincoln President-Elect: Abraham Lincoln and the Great Secession Winter, 1860–1861
(New York, 2008), 25; Hannibal Hamlin to Ellen Hamlin, May 20, 1860, Hannibal Hamlin Papers, University of Maine.

18.
Proceedings of the First Three Republican National Conventions
(Minneapolis, 1893), 111–19, 131–35; Carl Schurz,
The Reminiscences of Carl Schurz
(3 vols.; New York, 1907–8), 2: 180; Lyman Trumbull to Lincoln, May 22, 1860; Schuyler Colfax to Lincoln, May 18 and 26, 1860; Francis P. Blair to Lincoln, May 26, 1860, all in ALP; Howard K. Beale, ed.,
The Diary of Edward Bates, 1859–1866
(Washington, D.C., 1933), 128–29;
Boston Atlas and Daily Bee
, May 23, 1860;
Wisconsin State Journal
, May 8, 1860; George Dennison to Benjamin F. Wade, March 12, 1860, Benjamin F. Wade Papers, LC.

19.
New York Times
, May 13, 1860; Don E. Fehrenbacher,
Prelude to Greatness: Lincoln in the 1850s
(Stanford, 1962), 156n.; Richard Carwardine,
Lincoln
(London, 2003), 115;
Liberator
, July 13, 1860.

20.
George W. Julian,
The Life of Joshua R. Giddings
(Chicago, 1892), 379–83;
Speech of the Hon. Thomas Ewing at Chillicothe, Ohio
(Cincinnati, 1860), 10–11;
New York Times
, August 31, 1860; Richard W. Thompson to Lincoln, June 12, 1860, ALP; James F. Babcock to Mark Howard, August 4, 1860, Mark Howard Papers, Connecticut Historical Society;
New York Tribune
, July 9, 1860;
Independent
, May 24, 1860; George W. Julian to Joshua Giddings, May 21, 1860, Giddings-Julian Papers, LC.

21.
Liberator
, July 13, 1860; C. Peter Ripley et al., eds.,
The Black Abolitionist Papers
(5 vols.; Chapel Hill, 1985–93), 5: 91; Milton Meltzer and Patricia G. Holland, eds.,
Lydia Maria Child: Selected Letters, 1817–1880
(Amherst, Mass., 1982), 352; Michael Burlingame,
Abraham Lincoln: A Life
(2 vols.; Baltimore, 2008), 1: 636–38;
Douglass’ Monthly
, 3 (June 1860), 276, and (September 1860), 329.

22.
Nicholas B. Wainwright, ed.,
A Philadelphia Perspective: The Diary of Sidney George Fisher Covering the Years 1834–1871
(Philadelphia, 1967), 353; Lyman Trumbull to Lincoln, June 28, 1860, ALP.

23.
Wainwright,
Philadelphia Perspective
, 361;
CG
, 36th Congress, 1st Session, 1913;
Springfield Republican
, October 20, 1860;
Wisconsin State Journal
, August 20, 1860;
Richmond Enquirer
, July 10, 1860.

24.
Walter Dean Burnham,
Presidential Ballots, 1836–1892
(Baltimore, 1955), 79–80;
Springfield Republican
, November 3, 1860; Salmon P. Chase to E. L. Pierce, November 7, 1860, Charles Sumner Papers, Houghton Library, Harvard University; Robert S. Harper,
Lincoln and the Press
(New York, 1951), 67–68; Dwight Dumond, ed.,
Southern Editorials on Secession
(New York, 1931), 112.

25.
Russell McClintock,
Lincoln and the Decision for War: The Northern Response to Secession
(Chapel Hill, 2008), 132; Alfred Babcock to Lincoln, December 7, 1860, Lincoln Collection, ALPLM; William Salter,
The Life of James W. Grimes
(New York, 1876), 132. The papers of Republican leaders are filled with letters from constituents opposing compromise with the South.

26.
Foner,
Free Soil
, 180; George G. Fogg to William Butler, December 28, 1860, William Butler Papers, Chicago History Museum;
New York Times
, February 26, 1861; Howard C. Perkins, ed.,
Northern Editorials on Secession
(2 vols.; New York, 1942), 1: 97;
CW
, 2: 461;
Chicago Tribune
, December 22, 1860.

27.
New York Tribune
, December 17, 1860; Glyndon G. Van Deusen,
Horace Greeley: Nineteenth-Century Crusader
(Philadelphia, 1953), 262–64.

28.
Douglass’ Monthly
, 3 (January 1861), 388; Walter M. Merrill, ed.,
The Letters of William Lloyd Garrison
(6 vols.; Cambridge, Mass., 1971–81), 5: 10–11; James B. Stewart,
Wendell Phillips: Liberty’s Hero
(Baton Rouge, 1986), 212–13; Wendell Phillips,
Speeches, Lectures, and Letters
(Boston, 1863), 362.

29.
Kenneth M. Stampp,
And the War Came: The North and the Secession Crisis, 1860–61
(Baton Rouge, 1950), 15, 126–28; James M. McPherson,
The Struggle for Equality: Abolitionists and the Negro in the Civil War and Reconstruction
(Princeton, 1964), 40–44; David Potter,
Lincoln and His Party in the Secession Crisis
(New Haven, 1942), 124–27; New York Republicans to Lincoln, 29, 1861; William Cullen Bryant to Lincoln, December 25, 1860, both in ALP; Philip S. Foner,
Business and Slavery: The New York Merchants and the Irrepressible Conflict
(Chapel Hill, 1941), 251; William Dusinberre,
Civil War Issues in Philadelphia, 1856–1865
(Philadelphia, 1965), 102–10; Robert G. Gunderson,
Old Gentlemen’s Convention: The Washington Peace Conference of 1861
(Madison, Wisc., 1961), 26–28.

30.
Horatio Nelson Taft Diary, January 17, 1861, LC; Stampp,
And the War Came
, 33; Perkins,
Northern Editorials
, 1: 148; 2: 571–72; August Belmont,
A Few Letters and Speeches of the Late Civil War
(New York, 1870), 8–20; James A. Bayard to Samuel L. M. Barlow, December 26, 1860, Samuel L. M. Barlow Papers, HL.