The Fiery Trial (61 page)

45.
William C. Harris,
Lincoln’s Rise to the Presidency
(Lawrence, Kans., 2007), 41; Herbert Mitgang, ed.,
Abraham Lincoln: A Press Portrait
(Chicago, 1971), 57; Winkle,
Young Eagle
, 241–42;
CW
, 3: 6; 6: 300–305.

46.
CW
, 1: 475; Julian,
Political Recollections
, 53–63; Foner,
Free Soil
, 124–25; Frederick W. Seward,
Seward at Washington
(2 vols.; New York, 1891), 1: 71.

47.
CW
, 1: 505; 2: 3–9.

48.
Seward,
Seward at Washington
, 1: 79–80; George E. Baker, ed.,
The Works of William H. Seward
(5 vols.; New York, 1853–84), 3: 287–88, 301;
CW
, 1: 454.

49.
Julian,
Life of Joshua R. Giddings
, 246; James B. Stewart,
Joshua R. Giddings and the Tactics of Radical Politics
(Cleveland, 1970), 88; Burlingame,
Abraham Lincoln: A Life
, 1: 284.

50.
Stewart,
Joshua R. Giddings
, 168–70;
CG
, 30th Congress, 2nd Session, 31, 38, 55, 83–84; appendix, 127; Julian,
Life of Joshua R. Giddings
, 259–61. Lincoln did vote, along with all the other northern Whigs, against tabling antislavery petitions.
CG
, 30th Congress, 1st Session, 60, 73, 82, 180.

51.
Joshua R. Giddings Diary, January 8 and 9, 1849, Joshua R. Giddings Papers, Ohio Historical Society; Paul H. Verdun, “Partners for Emancipation: New Light on Lincoln, Joshua Giddings, and the Push to End Slavery in the District of Columbia, 1848–49,” in Townsend,
Papers
, 66–81.

52.
CW
, 2: 20;
CG
, 30th Congress, 2nd Session, 210.

53.
Julian,
Life of Joshua R. Giddings
, 259–61; D. W. Bartlett,
Life and Public Services of Hon. Abraham Lincoln
(New York, 1860), 42;
CW
, 3: 39–40.

54.
Giddings Diary, January 11, 1849, Giddings Papers;
Liberator
, June 22, July 13, and August 24, 1860.

55.
CW
, 2: 22.

56.
CG
, 30th Congress, 2nd Session, 239, 302.

57.
CG
30th Congress, 2nd Session, 123–24, 129, 177, 247, 303.

58.
William E. Gienapp,
Abraham Lincoln and Civil War America
(New York, 2002), 40–45; Carwardine,
Lincoln
, 22;
New York Tribune
, January 1, 1851;
CW
, 2: 126–32; 3: 424–25.

59.
William H. Townsend,
Lincoln and His Wife’s Home Town
(Indianapolis, 1929), 222; Hopkins,
Papers of Henry Clay
, 10: 574–80; Carwardine,
Lincoln
, 21;
CW
, 2: 318.

60.
Winkle,
Young Eagle
, 290; Wright,
Lincoln and Politics of Slavery
, 47–48;
CW
, 2: 158; Wilentz,
Rise
, 684; Stephen L. Hansen,
The Making of the Third Party System: Voters and Parties in Illinois, 1850–1876
(Ann Arbor, 1980), 7–11.

61.
Holt,
Rise and Fall
, 754; Elihu B. Washburne to Zebina Eastman, February 3, 1874, Zebina Eastman Papers, Chicago History Museum.

3
“The Monstrous Injustice”

1.
Eric Foner,
Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War
(New York, 1970), 94.

2.
J. W. Taylor to Salmon P. Chase, February 7, 1854, Salmon P. Chase Papers, LC.

3.
Lewis E. Lehrman,
Lincoln at Peoria: The Turning Point
(Mechanicsburg, Pa., 2008), 37–38; Herbert Mitgang, ed.,
Abraham Lincoln: A Press Portrait
(Chicago, 1971), 141–42.

4.
CW
, 2: 514; Joseph F. Newton,
Lincoln and Herndon
(Cedar Rapids, 1910), 82–83.

5.
Michael Burlingame,
Abraham Lincoln: A Life
(2 vols.; Baltimore, 2008), 1: 370; Lehrman,
Lincoln at Peoria
, 33–44;
CW
, 2: 226–33; Douglas L. Wilson,
Lincoln’s Sword: The Presidency and the Power of Words
(New York, 2006), 37.

6.
CW
, 2: 247–81; Robert W. Johannsen, ed.,
The Letters of Stephen A. Douglas
(Urbana, Ill., 1961), 284.

7.
Mitgang,
Abraham Lincoln: Press Portrait
, 71.

8.
CW
, 4: 67; Jacques Barzun,
On Writing, Editing, and Publishing: Essays Explorative and Hortatory
(Chicago, 1971), 57–73; Douglas L. Wilson and Rodney O. Davis, eds.,
Herndon’s Informants
(Urbana, Ill., 1998), 508; Joseph Logsdon,
Horace White, Nineteenth Century Liberal
(Westport, Conn., 1971), 21–22.

9.
Ronald C. White,
A. Lincoln: A Biography
(New York, 2009), 198;
CW
, 2: 500; 4: 240–41.

10.
Richard Beeman,
Plain, Honest Men: The Making of the U. S. Constitution
(New York, 2009), 217–25.

11.
Robert Fanuzzi,
Abolition’s Public Sphere
(Minneapolis, 2003), xvi, 7–12; Foner,
Free Soil
, 83–84;
CG
, 31st Congress, 1st Session, appendix, 469–71; Merrill D. Peterson,
The Jeffersonian Image in the American Mind
(New York, 1960), 199–203;
Speech of O. H. Browning, Delivered at the Republican Mass Meeting, Springfield, Ill., August 8, 1860
(Quincy, 1860), 5–8; Patrick W. Riddleberger,
George Washington Julian: Radical Republican
(Indianapolis, 1966), 127;
CG
, 36th Congress, 1st Session, 731.

12.
John C. Hammond,
Slavery, Freedom, and Expansion in the Early American West
(Charlottesville, 2007), 1–7, 24–30; Peterson,
Jeffersonian Image
, 195, 216; Beeman,
Plain, Honest Men
, 213–15; John C. Miller,
The Wolf by the Ears: Thomas Jefferson and Slavery
(New York, 1977), 123, 143–45, 221–40; Lacy Ford, “Reconfiguring the Old South: ‘Solving’ the Problem of Slavery, 1787–1838,”
JAH
, 95 (June 2008), 106; Merrill D. Peterson, ed.,
Thomas Jefferson: Writings
(New York, 1984), 1343–46.

13.
CW
, 2: 492, 514; James Oakes,
The Radical and the Republican: Frederick Douglass, Abraham Lincoln, and the Triumph of Antislavery Politics
(New York, 2007), 70–72; C. Peter Ripley et al., eds.,
The Black Abolitionist Papers
(5 vols.; Chapel Hill, 1985–93), 5: 91.

14.
CW
, 2: 499–501; 3: 404; Graham A. Peck, “Abraham Lincoln and the Triumph of an Antislavery Nationalism,”
JALA
, 28 (Summer 2007), 2–6.

15.
Douglass’ Monthly
, 3 (June 1860), 274;
CW
, 2: 282;
New York Tribune
, March 17, 1854.

16.
Foner,
Free Soil
, 126–28, 237–39.

17.
Foner,
Free Soil
, 193–95;
Richmond Enquirer
in
Ohio State Journal
, April 19, 1854; Frederick W. Seward,
Seward at Washington
(2 vols.; New York, 1891), 1: 120;
New York Times
, May 29, 1854;
New York Tribune
, November 9, 1854.

18.
David Davis to Julius Rockwell, July 15, 1854, David Davis Papers, ALPLM; Paul Selby, “Republican State Convention, Springfield, Ill., October 4–5, 1854,”
Transactions of the McLean County Historical Society
, 3 (1900), 43–47; William E. Gienapp,
The Origins of the Republican Party, 1852–1856
(New York, 1987), 84, 123–24;
CW
, 2: 288.

19.
Chicago
Democratic Press
, August 30, 1854; Gienapp,
Origins
, 125; Edward Magdol,
Owen Lovejoy: Abolitionist in Congress
(New Brunswick, N.J., 1967), 116–17.

20.
Don E. Fehrenbacher,
Prelude to Greatness: Lincoln in the 1850s
(Stanford, 1962), 37; Horace White to Abraham Lincoln, October 25, 1854, ALP.

21.
CW
, 2: 288–92, 304; Thomas J. Henderson to Lincoln, December 11, 1854; Augustus Adams to Lincoln, December 17, 1854, both in ALP.

22.
Magdol,
Owen Lovejoy
, 118–20; Charles H. Ray to Elihu B. Washburne, December 24, 1854, Elihu B. Washburne Papers, LC;
CW
, 2: 293; Washburne to Lincoln, December 26, 1854, ALP; Washburne to Zebina Eastman, December 19, 1854, Zebina Eastman Papers, Chicago History Museum; William F. Moore and Jane Ann Moore, eds.,
His Brother’s Blood: Speeches and Writings, 1838–1864, Owen Lovejoy
(Urbana, Ill., 2004), xiii.

23.
Roy F. Basler and Christian O. Basler, eds.,
The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln: Second Supplement, 1848–1865
(New Brunswick, N.J., 1990), 9–11;
CW
, 2: 304–6; Fehrenbacher,
Prelude
, 38.

24.
George T. Allen to Lyman Trumbull, January 19, 1856, LTP;
Frederick Douglass’ Paper
, March 2, 1855. At this point, Lincoln’s name had almost never appeared in eastern abolitionist newspapers (at least, those now searchable online).

25.
Gienapp,
Origins
, 189–237, 286;
CW
, 2: 316–17; Lyman Trumbull to Owen Lovejoy, August 20, 1855, Dr. William Jayne Papers, ALPLM; Silas Ramsey to Trumbull, March 7, 1856, LTP.

26.
CW
, 2: 322–23.

27.
CW
, 1: 337–38; N. Levering, “Recollections of Abraham Lincoln,”
Iowa Historical Record
, 12 (July 1896), 495–96.

28.
Gienapp,
Origins
, 239–40; Burlingame,
Abraham Lincoln: A Life
, 1: 411–12; Paul Selby, “The Editorial Convention of 1856,”
JISHS
, 5 (July 1912), 343–46; George Schneider, “Lincoln and the Anti-Know-Nothing Resolutions,”
Transactions of the McLean County Historical Society
, 3 (1900), 88–90;
Chicago Daily Tribune
, February 25, 1856.

29.
Chicago Press and Tribune
, April 8, 1859; Stephen L. Hansen,
The Making of the Third Party System: Voters and Parties in Illinois, 1850–1876
(Ann Arbor, 1980), 78.

30.
Burlingame,
Abraham Lincoln: A Life
, 1: 417; Maurice Baxter,
Orville H. Browning: Lincoln’s Friend and Critic
(Bloomington, Ind., 1957), 86; “Official Record of Convention,”
Transactions of the McLean County Historical Society
, 3 (1900), 148–64;
Chicago Democratic Press
, May 31, 1856. Burlingame suggests that the failure to report Lincoln’s speech may have been deliberate, as he spoke from notes and his remarks were not fully worked out. Burlingame,
Abraham Lincoln: A Life
, 1: 420.

31.
Joseph Medill to Lincoln, August 9, 1860, ALP; Magdol,
Owen Lovejoy
, 147; John S. Wright,
Lincoln and the Politics of Slavery
(Reno, 1970), 100.

32.
Proceedings of the First Three Republican National Conventions
(Minneapolis, 1893), 7–20; Salmon P. Chase to George W. Julian, July 17, 1856, Giddings-Julian Papers, LC; Philip S. Foner, ed.,
The Life and Writings of Frederick Douglass
(5 vols.; New York, 1950–75), 2: 392; George W. Julian,
The Life of Joshua R. Giddings
(Chicago, 1892), 335; George W. Julian,
Speeches on Political Questions
(New York, 1872), 146.

33.
CW
, 2: 342; Nathaniel G. Wilcox to Lincoln, June 6, 1864, ALP;
Proceedings of the First Three Republican National Conventions
, 61–64.

34.
Richard Yates to Lyman Trumbull, August 3, 1856, LTP.

35.
CW
, 2: 347–50, 358, 365, 367, 379, 413.

36.
Hansen,
Making of the Third Party System
, 83–85;
CG
, 35th Congress, 1st Session, 1346; William C. Harris,
Lincoln’s Rise to the Presidency
(Lawrence, Kans., 2007), 80; Thomas J. McCormack, ed.,
Memoirs of Gustave Koerner 1809–1896
(2 vols.; Cedar Rapids, 1909), 2: 22.