The Great Partition (42 page)

, p. 242.

27.

Statement of A.K. Azad, 4 April 1946 quoted ibid. p. 144.

28.

Speech of Jinnah quoted ibid., p. 134. On the expedient use of Islamic motifs during this election, see also Ayesha Jalal,

(Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2001), pp. 386–471.

29.

, 8 Jan. 1946.

30.

vol. 10, p. 378; Speech at a public meeting in Varanasi district, 27 Oct. 1945;

, 27 Feb. 1946.

31.

Andrew Whitehead,

(London: School of Oriental and African Studies, 1997, 2000), Zawwar Zaidi interviewed in Islamabad, 7 April 1997.

32.

, vol. 11, p. 414. Speech in Kakori, 22 Feb. 1946.

33.

Ian Talbot,

(Karachi and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), p. 195.

34.

William Gould,

(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004).

35.

Cited in Khalid Bin Sayeed,

(London: Oxford University Press, 1968), pp. 203–4.

36.

Quoted in Usha Sanyal,

(Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1996), p. 310.

37.

Cited in Khalid Bin Sayeed,

, p. 199. On ‘Nationalist Muslims’ and the subtle divisions among Muslim thinkers in the lead up to 1947 see Barbara Daly Metcalf,

(New Delhi and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004); Aziz Ahmad,

(Wiesbaden, 1970).

38.

For a convincing critique of the term ‘Nationalist Muslim’ see Gyanendra Pandey,

(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), pp. 154–5; Pandey, ‘The Prose of Otherness’, in David Arnold and David Hardiman, eds,

(Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1994), pp. 118–221; and A. Jalal, ‘Exploding Communalism: The Politics of Muslim Identity in South Asia’, in S. Bose and A. Jalal, eds,

(Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1997).

39.

AICC, P–17 (1947–8).

40.

M. Hasan, ed.,

(Delhi: Lotus Collection, 1995), vol. 2, p. 45.

41.

AICC, G–23 (1946–8), J. P. Narayan's note on the communal question, 1946.

42.

Kuwajima,

, p. 160.

43.

AICC, G–22 (1945–6) Delhi Congress Committee to Secretary AICC, 16 Feb. 1946.

44.

, 12 March 1946.

45.

The Muslim League won all 30 reserved seats in the Central Legislative Assembly and 86.6 per cent of votes cast. It also won 442 of 509 reserved seats in the provinces. The Congress won 57 of the 102 seats in the Central Legislative Assembly and 91.3 per cent of the non-Muslim votes cast.

46.

On the provincial strategies of the different parties see Ayesha Jalal,

(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), pp. 126–73; Jalal,

; Ian Talbot,

(Karachi and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988); and Kuwajima,

.

47.

, vol. 6, p. 771.

1.

On Aligarh in the 1940s, see works by Paul Brass, especially

(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1974). Also, E.A. Mann,

(New Delhi: Sage Publications, 1992) and M. Hasan ‘Negotiating with Its Past and Its Present: The Changing Profile of the Aligarh Muslim University’ in M. Hasan, ed.,

(New Delhi and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000).

, 2nd ser., vol. 1, pp. 49–50. Letter to Rafi Ahmad Kidwai, 28 Sept. 1946.

2.

, 28 Jan. 1946.

3.

, 11 April 1946. See also S.S. Pirzada, ed.

(First published, Karachi, 1970); edition cited, New Delhi: Metropolitan Book Co., 1982), pp. 521–2.

4.

Pirzada, ed.

, p. 524.

5.

Khalid Bin Sayeed,

(London: Oxford University Press, 1968) pp. 181–2.

6.

2nd ser., vol. 12, p. 643. M.A. Ishaque to Jinnah, 8 March 1946.

7.

Ayesha Jalal,

(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985). Ayesha Jalal's revisionist interpretation of Jinnah's motives caused shock waves when it was published, yet it was also successful, and persuasive, because Jinnah's actions had hitherto been interpreted in a one-dimensional way. The ambiguity surrounding the Lahore Resolution and the uncertain attitudes to the meanings of Pakistan had been noted by contemporary observers, but Jalal gave these new credibility and scholarly authority, so much so that her interpretation of Jinnah has become the new orthodoxy. The Jinnah who hovers malevolently like a bad spirit in Attenborough's epic Oscar-winning film,

, has been replaced by an astute lawyer, who managed to sit upon the powderkeg of diverse Muslim interests, and subtly bartered with the British in order to win the best possible deal for Muslims. In the event, his preferred dream of a federated India with parity for Muslims was shattered and he accepted the option of a Pakistani state with greatly curtailed borders and inherent limitations, resolving to make the best of a bad situation.

8.

Ata-ur-Rehman, ed.,

(Lahore: Dost Associates), p. 103.

9.

Shaista Suhrawardy Ikramullah,

(Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1963), p. 135.

10.

AICC, G–42 (1945–6).

11.

Rajeshwar Dayal,

(Delhi: Orient Longman, 1998), p. 78.

12.

Ibid., Rajeshwar Dayal was appointed Home Secretary to the United Provinces government in 1946.

13.

C.H. Philips and M. Wainwright, eds.,

(London: Allen and Unwin, 1970)p. 410–1.

14.

, 3 April 1946.

15.

Malcolm Darling,

(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1949), p. 11.

16.

Ibid., pp. 13–14.

17.

Ibid., pp. 14, 24.

18.

Inverview with Sarfaraz Nazine in Mukulika Banerjee,

(Oxford and Delhi: James Currey, 2000), p. 170.

19.

P. Moon, ed.,

(London: Oxford University Press, 1973), p. 494.

20.

IOR L/PJ/5/168, S.V. Ramamurty to Mountbatten, 30 May 1947.

21.

D. Potter,

(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986), p. 135.

22.

A.K. Azad,

(first published 1959; edition cited) (Delhi: Orient Longman, 1989), pp. 134–5.

23.

AIHM, C–190 (1946–7), Undated note on Ram Sena. UP Hindu Mahasabha Papers, P–108 (part 2) (1946–7).

24.

IOR L/PJ/5/275, FNR, first half Jan. 1946.

25.

, vol. 8, p. 519.

26.

Andrew Whitehead,

(London: School of Oriental and African Studies, 1997, 2000), Kewal Malkani interviewed in Delhi, 16 Jan. 1997. The RSS, founded in 1925 by K.B. Hedgewar, has a persistent presence in India and still trains up the young foot-soldiers of Hindutva or Hindu nationalism today. Hindutva conflates a thoroughly modern idea of ‘race’ with ‘Indianness’. It means relegating all those who fall outside the Hindu civilisational pale – including Christians,

and Muslims – to the status of minorities or second-class citizens.

27.

Tapan Raychaudhuri, ‘Shadows of the Swastika: Historical Perspectives on the Politics of Hindu Communalism’,

, 34.2 (May 2000), pp. 259–79.

28.

Trans. from Urdu by Hira Lal Seth,

(Lahore: Hero Publications, 1946), p. 61.

29.

Markus Daechsel,

(London: Routledge, 2006); M.S. Golwalkar,

(Nagpur, 1939).

30.

Bhisham Sahni,

(Delhi: Penguin, 2001), pp. 57–8.

31.

, 2nd ser., vol. 12, p. 624. Durrani to Jinnah, 1 March 1946.

32.

S.C. Sharma,

(Delhi: Bharatiya Bhasha Peeth, 1991), p. 207. Speech of Shukla at a press conference, 27 April 1946.

33.

, 1st ser., vol. 15, 5 Aug. 1946; 2nd ser., vol. 1. 25 Sept. 1946. Speech at a meeting of Congress volunteer organisations, Delhi 25 Sept. 1946.

34.

Banerjee,

, p. 186.

35.

, 9 May 1947.

36.

AICC, G–53 (1946). Nehru to K. Chatterji, 30 Aug. 1946.

37.

, 15 Jan. 1946; 5 Feb. 1946.

38.

Ruchi Ram Sahni,

(Lahore: Dewan Ram, 1946), pp. 13, 91.

39.

, 19 March 1946;

, vol. 7, p. 23. Note by Major Wyatt, 28 March 1946.

40.

, 15 April 1946.

41.

J.P. Chander,

(Lahore: Indian Printing Works, 1946), p. 107.

42.

Ibid., p. 108.

43.

, vol. 7, pp. 592–4.

44.

, vol. 7, p. 766. Meeting of Cabinet Delegation, Wavell, Wylie and Twynam, 1 June 1946.

45.

, 17 May 1946.

46.

On G.D. Birla's role during Partition see Medha M. Kudaisya,

(Oxford and Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2003).

47.

Moon, ed.,

, p. 239.

48.

, vol. 7, p. 858;

, 18 May 1946.

49.

Nasim Ansari,

(first published in 1987; edition cited trans. from Urdu by Ralph Russell, Karachi: City Press, 1999), pp. 17–18.

50.

, vol. 8, p. 161. Wylie to Wavell, 31 July 1946.

51.

, vol. 7, p. 655. Wavell to Henderson, 21 May 1946.

52.

, vol. 85, p. 54.