The Great Partition (43 page)

1.

Suranjan Das,

(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), p. 171.

2.

See Bidyut Chakrabarty,

(London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2004), p. 98.

3.

, 16 Aug. 1946;

, 16 Aug. 1946.

4.

Das,

, p. 168.

5.

From a League pamphlet entitled

(1946) cited in Chakrabarty,

, p. 99.

6.

Andrew Whitehead, Oral Archive:

(London: School of Oriental and African Studies, 1997, 2000); Jugal Chandra Ghosh, interviewed in Calcutta, 24 May 1997.

7.

Ibid.; Syed Nazimuddin Hashim interviewed in Dhaka, 22 April 1997. On ethnoreligious conflict in Bengal see John H. Broomfield,

(Berkeley, 1968); Joya Chatterji,

(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994); Das,

Taj I. Hashmi,

(Boulder, Colorado: Westview, 1992).

8.

Andrew Whitehead, ‘The Butchers of Calcutta’,

, 1 July 1997.

9.

Whitehead,

; Syed Nazimuddin Hashim interviewed in Dhaka, 22 April 1997.

10.

M. Daechsel,

(London: Routledge, 2006), p. 75.

11.

, 25 May 1946.

12.

Saumya Gupta, ‘The “Daily” Reality of Partition: Politics in Newsprint, in 1940s Kanpur’, in S. Sengupta and G. Lovink, eds,

(New Delhi: Centre for the Study of Developing Societies, 2001), p. 83.

13.

Ibid.

14.

AICC G–10 (1947) Bengal Provincial Congress Committee Papers, 15 Oct. 1946.

15.

Suranjan Das,

, p. 193.

16.

Ashoka Gupta, ‘Those Days in Noakhali’,

, 510 (2002).

17.

Whitehead,

; Sailen Chatterjee interviewed in Delhi, 25 Jan. 1997;

, vol. 86, p. 138, 20 Nov. 1946. See also

, 18 Aug. 1997.

18.

, 2nd ser., vol. 1, pp. 47–112. Speeches at Bakhtiarpur and Fatwa, 4 Nov. 1946; letter to Vallabhbhai Patel, 5 Nov. 1946.

19.

Cited in Vinita Damodaran,

(Delhi and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992), p. 356. Damodaran describes post-war Bihar and the growth of agricultural and ethnic conflict in detail, pp. 284–369.

20.

IOR L/PJ/5/275, Wylie to Wavell, 21 Nov. 1946. My description is drawn from accounts of the violence in AICC, G–10 (1947), Congress Reports on Garhmukhteshwar; IOR L/PJ/8/575, Reports on the disturbances in Bihar and UP, and IOR L/PJ/8/650, UP Ministerial and Political Affairs, 1946–7. For an analysis of the different interpretations placed on the violence by the Congress, League and British, see Gyanendra Pandey,

(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), pp. 92–120.

21.

A.P. Jain,

(London: Asia Publishing House, 1965), p. 75.

22.

AICC, G–10 (1946). Report of B.B. Jetley, Superintendent of Police, Meerut, 19 Dec. 1946.

23.

For example the Government of Bombay immediately after Independence described ‘the three great vices of modern times’ as ‘prostitution, gambling and drinking’, enforced prohibition in six districts of Bombay and made it illegal to advertise liquor in newspapers, while the film censor banned drinking scenes from films.

24.

S.S. Ikramullah, From

(Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1963), p. 143.

25.

Sarfaraz Mirza,

(Lahore: Research Society of Pakistan, University of the Punjab, 1969), p. 83.

26.

C.H. Philips and M. Wainwright, eds,

(London: Allen and Unwin, 1970), p. 377.

27.

, vol. 8, p. 849. Jenkins to Wavell, 31 Oct. 1946.

28.

IOR L/PJ/5/167.

29.

Chatterji,

, pp. 240–59.

30.

Ibid., pp. 242, 244.

31.

Daechsel,

, pp. 141–6.

32.

Ibid., pp. 18–59.

33.

IOR Mss Eur. D724/13, Hume Papers, 10 Nov. 1946.

34.

AICC, CL–10 (1946–7); AICC, G–10 (1947).

35.

AICC G–10 (1947). Note on Noakhali.

36.

IOR L/PJ/5/167, Clow to Wavell, 4 Nov. 1946.

37.

IOR L/PJ/5/139, FNR, second half Oct. 1946.

38.

Gupta, ‘The “Daily” Reality of Partition’, p. 86.

39.

Medha Kudaisya,$

(Delhi and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), p. 234; Letter to Rajagopalachari, 21 Nov. 1946.

40.

Penderel Moon,

(Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 74.

41.

IOR L/PJ/5/275, FNR, first half Jan. 1946.

42.

IOR Mss Eur. D724/13, Hume Papers, Jan.–Dec. 1946.

43.

, vol. 8, p. 750. Patel to Stafford Cripps, 19 Oct. 1946; IOR L/PJ/5/276 Wylie to Wavell, 22 Jan. 1947;

, 1st ser., vol. 3, p. 224. Mountbatten to Jinnah, 9 July 1947.

44.

, vol. 85 p. 282. 15 Sept. 1946; Cantwell Smith,

, p. 292.

1.

Pran Nevile,

(Delhi: Penguin, 2006), p. xx.

2.

IOR L/PJ/5/276, FNR, second half April 1947; IOR, Mss Eur.$C290, Unpublished memoirs of C. Pearce (UP Police),

1977.

3.

Ian Copland,

(London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005), p. 115.

4.

Wm Roger Louis, ‘The Partitions of India and Palestine’, in

(New York, 2006), p. 407.

5.

Penderel Moon,

(Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1998), pp. 62–3.

6.

Andrew Whitehead,

(London: School of Oriental and African Studies, 1997, 2000); Amjad Husain, interviewed in Lahore, 11 Oct. 1995.

7.

Raghuvendra Tanwar,

(Delhi: Manohar, 2006), pp. 143, 152.

8.

IOR FNR L/PJ/5/168 and USSA 845.00/7–3047, Box 6070.

9.

IOR L/PJ/5/168, Fortnightly report 3 March 1947.

, 13 May 1947.

10.

Bhisham Sahni,

(Delhi: Penguin edn, 2001), p. 162.

11.

Ibid., p. 103.

12.

This has resonance with Paul Brass's description of an ‘institutionalised riot system’ in contemporary India. See Paul Brass,

(Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2003); and Paul Brass,

(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997).

13.

Asim Roy, ‘The High Politics of India's Partition’,

, 24.2 (May 1990), pp. 385–408, p. 404.

14.

Seth Ramkrishna Dalmia,

(Bombay: Times of India Press, 1948), pp. 29–30.

15.

Congress resolution on Partition of Punjab, 8 March 1947.

16.

UP Hindu Mahasabha Papers, P–108 (Part 1) (1947); Gist of conversation between Sampurnanand and Mahasabha leaders, 22 July 1947 agreed by Sampurnanand. Prithwiraj was the last Rajput (and therefore ‘Hindu’) ruler of Delhi. He ruled in the twelfth century, was killed in battle with Afghans and was succeeded by Mohammed Ghori. For a close interpretation of Sampurnanand's political ideology see William Gould,

(Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2004), pp. 166–80.

17.

Alan Campbell Johnson,

(London: Robert Hale, 1951), pp. 64–73.

18.

Ibid., p. 47.

19.

, 1st ser., vol. 2, p. 416. Jinnah to Patrick Lacey, 22 June 1947.

20.

L. Carter, ed.,

(Delhi: Manohar, 2003), p. 188.

21.

, 4 June 1947.

22.

, 1st ser., vol. 2, p. 51, 4 June 1947.

23.

, 5 June, 1947.

24.

Moon,

,p.68.

25.

S.S.

(Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1963), p. 154.

26.

, 1st ser., vol. 3, pp. 842–3. Minutes of the meeting of the All India Muslim League, 9 June 1947.

27.

, 1st ser., vol. 2, pp. 141–2, 10 June 1947.

28.

S.M. Burke, ed.,

(Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 25. Constituent Assembly Address, 11 Aug. 1947.

29.

IOR L/PJ/5/276, FR, second half June 1947.

30.

IOR L/PJ/5/276, FR, second half May 1947.

31.

IOR L/PJ/5/168, Fortnightly report, 3 June 1947.

32.

A. Jalal,

(Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2001), pp. 539, 543.

33.

, 9 June 1947.

34.

Shahid Hamid,

(London: Cooper and Secker and Warburg, 1986), p. 178.

35.

Ibid. p. 180.

36.

, 17 July 1947.

37.

, 1st series, vol. 2, p. 609, letter to Jinnah, 30 June 1947.

38.

AICC Resolution on 3 June plan, passed 14 June 1947.

, vol. 11, p. 398.

39.

USSA 845.006–647 Box 6070, Gordon Minnigerode to US Secretary of State, 6 June 1947. Reactions in Karachi and Sind to the British Plan for the Partition of India.

40.

Sumathi Ramaswamy, ‘Maps and Mother Goddesses in Modern India,’

, vol. 53 (2001), pp. 97–114. On the intersections between gender and the shaping of nationalism see also Mrinalini Sinha,

(Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2006).

41.

IOR L/PJ/5/168, Fortnightly report 18 July 1947.

42.

USSA, 845.00/5–147–845.00/7–3047 Box 6070, State Department Records.

43.