The Great Partition (44 page)
, 11 June 1947.
44.
T. Tan and G. Kudaisya,
The Aftermath of Partition in South Asia
(London and New York: Routledge, 2000), p. 163.
45.
Rajendra Prasad, 3 June 1947, cited in Raghuvendra Tanwar,
Reporting the Partition of Punjab, 1947
(New Delhi: Manohar, 2006), p. 167.
46.
J. Chatterji,
Bengal Divided: Hindu Communalism and Partition, 1932–1947
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), p. 260;
Times of India
, 9 June 1947.
47.
CWMG
, vol. 88, p. 374. Speech at prayer meeting, 19 July 1947; UPSA General Administration, Box 659, 169/1. Resolution passed 10 Aug. 1947.
48.
Malcolm Darling,
At Freedom's Door
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1949), p. 307.
49.
L. Carter, ed.,
Mountbatten's Report on the last Viceroyalty: 22 March–15 August 1947
(Delhi: Manohar, 2003), p. 157; IOR L/PJ/5/168, Fortnightly report, 18 July 1947.
50.
Ian Copland,
The Princes of India in the Endgame of Empire 1917–1947
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), pp. 229–60.
51.
Quoted ibid., p. 257.
52.
See W.A. Wilcox,
Pakistan: The Consolidation of a Nation
(New York, 1963) on the assimilation of the Pakistani princely states.
53.
For analysis of these princely schemes during the Raj's disintegration see Copland,
State, Community and Neighbourhood
especially chapters 4 and 5.
54.
Moon,
Divide and Quit
, p. 104.
55.
Times of India
, 5 June 1947.
56.
TOP
, vol. 12, p. 125, Governor of Central Provinces and Berar to Mountbatten, 12 July 1947.
57.
USSA 845.00/5–147–845.00/7–3047 Box 6070, Encl. to dispatch dated 19 June by American Consul-General, Bombay.
58.
JP
, 1st ser., vol. 2, p. 541, 27 June 1947.
59.
Civil and Military Gazette
, 6 May 1947.
60.
Moon,
Divide and Quit
, pp. 93–4.
61.
Civil and Military Gazette
21 June 1947; USSA 845.00/6–647 Box 670 Gordon Minnigerode to US Secretary of State, 6 June 1947. Reactions in Karachi and Sind to the British Plan for the Partition of India.
62.
NMML, Pant Papers, File IV, doc. 96. Enclosure on the Indo-Pakistan Muslim League, 1948.
63.
USSA 845.00/5–147 – 845.00/7–3047 Box 6070, Attlee in conversation with US Ambassador and Sir Paul Patrick in conversation with State Department representatives, 29 May 1947.
64.
Civil and Military Gazette
, 5 July 1947.
Chapter 6: Untangling Two Nations
1.
Penderel Moon,
Divide and Quit: An eyewitness account of the Partition of India
(Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1998), pp. 90–1.
2.
CWMG
, vol. 88, p. 135, Speech at a prayer meeting, 11 June 1947.
3.
Moon,
Divide and Quit
, pp. 90–1.
4.
IOR L/PJ/5/140 Hydari to Mountbatten, 1 Aug. 1947.
5.
TOP
, vol. 11, p. 26. Jenkins to Mountbatten, 31 May 1947.
6.
Ibid., p. 136. Jenkins to Mountbatten 5 June 1947.
7.
Moon,
Divide and Quit
, p. 114.
8.
TOP
, vol. XI, pp. 561–3, Nehru to Mountbatten, 22 June 1947;
JP
, 1st ser., vol. 2, p. 829, Mountbatten to Jenkins, 24 June 1947.
9.
Ibid., p. 51, 10 June 1947.
10.
JP
, 1st ser., vol. 1, p. 903. A.A. Quddoosi to Jinnah, 22 May 1947.
11.
CWMG
, vol. 88, p. 113, Speech 11 June 1947.
12.
Sir Muhammad Zafrullah Khan's recollections republished in Ahmad Salim, ed.,
Lahore, 1947
(Delhi: tara-india research press, 2006), pp. 232–4.
13.
IOR R/3/1/157, Radcliffe to Bengal Boundary Commission, 17 July 1947;
Dawn
, 19 July 1947; Joya Chatterji,‘The Making of a Borderline’, in I. Talbot and G. Singh, eds,
Region and Partition: Bengal, Punjab and the Partition of the Subcontinent
(Oxford and Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1999), p. 172.
14.
IOR R/3/1/157.
15.
IOR R/3/1/157, Appeal forwarded to Mountbatten, 23 June 1947;
Dawn
, 17 July 1947.
16.
IOR R/3/1/157, Maharaja of Patiala to Mountbatten, 7 Aug. 1947.
17.
IOR R/3/1/157, on some aspects of untouchable/scheduled caste politics at Partition see R.S. Rawat, ‘Partition Politics and Achhut Identity: A Study of the Scheduled Castes Federation, and Dalit Politics in UP, 1946–8’, in S. Kaul, ed.,
The Partitions of Memory: The Afterlife of the Division of India
(Delhi: Permanent Black, 2001), pp. 111–39.
18.
AICC, G 11 (1946–8), undated letter from Lahore,
c.
mid–1947.
19.
Dawn
, 17 July 1947.
20.
TOP
, vol. 12, p. 148.
21.
Diary of Fikr Taunsvi, 11 Aug. 1947 reproduced in Salim, ed.,
Lahore, 1947
, p. 19.
22.
The authorities in Lahore prohibited noises made by all these items in May 1947.
23.
Diary of Fikr Taunsvi, 11 Aug. 1947 reproduced in Salim ed.
Lahore, 1947
, pp. 14–15.
24.
Andrew Whitehead,
Oral Archive: India: A People Partitioned
(London: School of Oriental and African Studies, 1997, 2000); Shanti Seghal interviewed by Anuradha Awasthi in Delhi, 1 Feb. 1947.
25.
IOR Mss Eur. C290; unpublished manuscript of William Chaning Pearce.
26.
USSA 845.00/8–147–845.00/12–3147 Box 6071, 13 Aug. 1947.
27.
Moon,
Divide and Quit
, p. 115.
28.
L. Carter, ed.
Mountbatten's Report on the last Viceroyalty, 22 March to 15 August 1947
(New Delhi: Manohar, 2003), p. 79.
29.
Epstein Papers (Private Collection), Col. G.S.N Hughes to Mr Bowen, 24 June 1947.
30.
Epstein Papers (Private Collection) Anthony Epstein to family, 14 Oct. 1947.
31.
Whitehead,
India: A People Partitioned
; Sahabzada Yaqub Khan, interviewed in Delhi, 15 March 1997.
32.
Indian Emergency Committee Meeting Minutes, 6–7 Sept. 1947, reprinted in H.M. Patel,
Rites of Passage: A Civil Servant Remembers
(New Delhi: Vedam, 2005), pp. 280, 284;
Civil and Military Gazette
, 29 May 1947.
33.
Letter from a British police officer quoted in Francis Tuker,
While Memory Serves
(London: Cassell, 1950), pp. 486–7.
34.
IOR, Mss Eur. C290, Unpublished memoirs of C. Pearce (UP Police, 1945–7),
c.
1977.
35.
USSA 845.00/8–147–845.00/12–3147, Box 6071, Phillips Talbot to Institute of Current World Affairs on the Indian political situation, 22 July 1947. Talbot would later become a diplomat and specialist on South Asian affairs.
36.
JP
, 1st ser., vol. 3, pp. 668–9. Recommendations of the Muslim members of the Health Committee.
37.
TOP
, vol. 11, pp. 682–5. USSA 845.00/5–147–845.00/7–3047 Box 6070. Charles Thomson, Consul in Calcutta, 30 June 1947.
38.
JP
, 1st ser., vol. 4, p. 126. ‘Agha’ to Fatima Jinnah, 1 Aug. 1947. Attia Hosain's novel,
Sunlight on a Broken Column
(London: Chatto and Windus, 1961) also vividly depicts the indecision among Muslim families confronting the prospect of moving to Pakistan.
39.
JP
, vol. 2, p. 521. S. M. Hasan to Jinnah, 26 June 1947.
40.
Manzoor Alam Quraishi,
Indian Administration, Pre and Post Independence: Memoirs of an ICS
(Delhi: BR Publishing, 1985), p. 155.
41.
Anwar Ahmed Hanafi interviewed by Patrick French,
Liberty or Death: India's journey to Independence and division
(London: HarperCollins, 1997), p. 315.
42.
Dawn
, 11 Aug. 1947, cited in Tan Tai Yong and G. Kudaisya,
The Aftermath of Partition in South Asia
(London and New York: Routledge, 2000), p. 48.
43.
Intizar Husain interviewed in Alok Bhalla,
Partition Dialogues: Memories of a Lost Home
(New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2006), p. 105.
44.
Carter, ed.,
Mountbatten's report on the last Viceroyalty
, p. 216.
45.
TOP
, vol. 11, p. 404.
46.
TOP
, vol. 7, p. 169. Note on Meeting of Cabinet Delegation, 8 April 1946.
47.
Hindustan Times
, 20 June 1947.
48.
W.C. Smith,
Modern Islam in India
(London: Victor Gollancz, 1946), p. 266; Intizar Husain interviewed in Bhalla,
Partition Dialogues
, p. 94.
49.
TOP
, vol. 11, pp. 193–4; USSA 845.00/8–147 – 845.00/12–3147, Box 6071, Phillips Talbot to Institute of Current World Affairs on the Indian political situation, 22 July 1947.
50.
Ravinder Kaur, ‘Planning Urban Chaos: State and Refugees in Post-partition Delhi’, in E. Hust and M. Mann, eds,
Urbanization and Governance in India
(New Delhi: Manohar, 2005), p. 236.
51.
M. Bourke-White,
Halfway to Freedom: A report on the new India
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1949), pp. 22–3.
52.
JP
, 1st ser., vol. 3, p. 343. Nawab of Bhopal to Jinnah, 12 July 1947.
53.
Quoted in M. Hasan, ‘Memories of a Fragmented Nation’, in S. Settar and I. Gupta, eds,
Pangs of Partition
(New Delhi: Manohar, 2002), vol. 2, p. 182.
54.
Civil and Military Gazette
, 15 Aug. 1947; USSA 845.00/8–147 – 845.00/12–3147 Box 6071, Note by American Consul, Calcutta 13 Aug. 1947.
55.
TOP
, vol. 12, p. 190.
56.
IOR L/PJ/5/140, Hydari to Mountbatten, 1 Aug. 1947.
57.
Satish Gujral in Hasan, ed., ‘Memories of a Fragmented Nation’, pp. 47–8.
58.
Quoted ibid., p. 182.
59.
Bhisham Sahni,
Tamas
(New Delhi: Penguin edn, 2001), pp. 127–8
60.
Report of the Punjab Boundary Commission
(Govt of India, 1947), p. 10.
61.
The Journey to Pakistan; A documentation on refugees of 1947
(Islamabad: Govt of Pakistan, 1993), p. 150.
62.
Moon,
Divide and Quit: An eye-witness account of the Partition of India
(Delhi and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998) p. 186.
63.
M. Hasan,
Legacy of a Divided Nation: India's Muslims Since Independence
(London and Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1997), p. 128.
64.
Butalia,
The Other Side of Silence: Voices from the Partition of India
(London: Hurst, 2000), p. 236.
65.
Alan Campbell-Johnson,
Mission with Mountbatten
(London: Robert Hale, 1951), p. 167.
66.
Broadcast speech of Jinnah on 2 Sept. 1947, in
The Journey to Pakistan: A Documentation on Refugees of 1947
(Islamabad: Govt of Pakistan, 1993), p. 241.
67.
Shail Mayaram, ‘Speech, Silence and the Making of Partition Violence in Mewat’, in Shahid Amin and Dipesh Chakrabarty, eds,
Subaltern Studies IX: Writings on South Asian History and Society
(Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1996), p. 149.
Chapter 7: Blood on the Tracks
1.
L. Carter, ed.,
Mountbatten's Report on the Last Viceroyalty: 22 March–15 August 1947
(New Delhi: Manohar, 2003), p. 266.
2.
Ibid., p. 191.
3.
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