The Great Partition (47 page)

(London: I.B. Tauris, 1994), pp. 88–9.

25.

Mudie to Jinnah, 5 Sept. 1947, cited in Khalid B. Sayeed,

(London: Oxford University Press, 1968), p. 262.

26.

I. Talbot,

(Karachi and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), p. 174.

27.

, 2nd ser., vol. 4, p. 441.

28.

Emergency Committee minutes, 18 Sept. 1947, reproduced in H. Patel,

(New Delhi: Vedam, 2005), p. 367.

29.

V.N. Datta and B.E. Cleghorn, eds,

(Delhi: Macmillan, 1974), Nehru to Syed Mahmud, 26 Feb. 1948, p. 268.

30.

, vol. 8, pp. 46–7.

31.

, vol. 8, pp. 49–50, 1 Dec. 1949.

32.

Ayub Khan,

(New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1967), p. 48.

33.

(Delhi: Publications Division, Govt of India, 1948), p. 35.

34.

Ashis Nandy, ‘Final Encounter: The Politics of the Assassination of Gandhi’, in

(Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1980), pp. 70–98.

35.

, 2nd ser., vol. 5, pp. 1–15.

36.

The contrast with Liaquat Ali Khan's assassination could not have been more striking: he too died of gunshots to the chest, in October 1951. The motive of the assassin, a civil servant from NWFP, remained obscure, and the death of the premier did little to assuage social tensions.

37.

M. Rafique Afzal, ed.,

(Lahore: University of Punjab, 1967), p. 121, Radio broadcast, 7 Oct. 1947.

38.

‘Gandhi Foresees Race for Armaments’,

, 9 July 1947.

39.

Quoted in Ayesha Jalal,

(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), p. 42. Jalal analyses the partition of the armed forces and implications for the Pakistani state in detail. See especially pp. 25–48.

40.

Liaquat Ali Khan's Speech to the Pakistan Muslim League Council, 20 Feb. 1949 in Afzal, ed.,

, p. 211.

41.

F. Tuker,

(London: Cassell, 1950), p. 497.

42.

, vol. 6, p. 210. Patel to Baldev Singh, 12 Jan. 1948.

1.

G.D. Khosla quoted in R. Kaur, ‘Planning Urban Chaos: State and Refugees in Post-partition Delhi’, in E. Hust and M. Mann, eds,

(New Delhi: Manohar, 2005), p. 231.

2.

M. Bourke-White,

(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1949), p. 32; R. Menon and K. Bhasin,

(Delhi: Kali for Women, 1998), p. 178.

3.

Menon and Bhasin,

, p. 196.

4.

M.A. Quraishi,

(Delhi: BR Publishing, 1985), p. 154.

5.

From Urvashi Butalia,

(London: Hurst, 2000), p. 204, cited in S. Kamra,

, pp. 165–200. In an interesting discussion on the psychology of Partition, and in contrast to my argument here, Kamra argues that recovery, or at least the ability to live alongside the past, was possible and did occur with the passage of time, so that these events are ‘fixed’ in the past for many survivors. She also argues that the strong social cohesion of communities who were collectively displaced helped to mitigate the impact of trauma.

6.

, 2nd ser., vol. 7, p. 258. Broadcast from Delhi, 18 Sept. 1948.

7.

, 2nd ser., vol. 14, part 2, p. 111. Nehru to Attlee, 20 March 1950.

8.

Richard Symonds,

(London: Faber and Faber, 1951), pp. 112–13.

9.

Ibid.

10.

, 2nd ser., vol. 14, pt. 2, p. 23. Nehru to Rajagopalachari, 11 April 1950.

11.

Resignation letter of J.N. Mandal to Government of Pakistan, 8 Oct. 1950, Tathagata Roy,

(Kolkata: Ratna Prakashan, 2001), pp. 353–76; M. Rafique Afzal, ed.,

(Lahore: University of Punjab, 1967), p. 311.

12.

See the acrimonious letters exchanged between Nehru and Liaquat Ali Khan in 1950 reproduced in Afzal, ed.

, p. 585. Liaquat Ali Khan writes: ‘the whole country was ravaged by fire and sword. Vast numbers were butchered and countless women were abducted’, and blames India for the violence; to which Nehru replies: ‘any impartial person familiar with the tragic happenings in the Punjab will recognise the complete baselessness of the suggestion that India organised the wholesale massacre of the Muslim population in any part of its territories’ and describes the violence against Muslims carried out, ‘by way of retaliation’. Other officially produced publications that accuse the ‘other side’ of initiating and sustaining Partition's violence include:

(Lahore: Govt Print, West Punjab, 1948);

(Lahore: Govt Print, 1948).

13.

(Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India, Delhi, 1950) p. 4.

14.

(Delhi: Publications Division, Govt of India, 1948), p. 40.

15.

, 10 May 1950.

16.

UPSA, Home Police C, Box 2, File 128(PT)/49. Extension of stay for Pakistan artisans. Amar Nath Bindra to Govt of UP, 24 May 1949.

17.

Ibid., Amar Nath Bindra to Govt of UP, 24 July 1949.

18.

, vol. 88, p. 164, Speech at a prayer meeting, 15 June 1947.

19.

, 29 June 1947.

20.

Andrew Whitehead,

(London: School of Oriental and African Studies, 1997, 2000), Sahabzada Yaqub Khan, interviewed in Delhi 15 March 1997.

21.

Alok Bhalla,

(New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2006), p. 91.

22.

Attia Hosain,

(London: Chatto and Windus, 1961), p. 287.

23.

See cases in Mazhar Husain, ed.,

(Delhi and Lucknow: Eastern Book Co., 4th edn, 1967).

24.

, Interview with the Director-General of the Border Security Force, 28 Oct. 2006.

25.

, 2 June 2005, Obituary of Fazal Mahmood.

26.

, 29 Aug. 2004.

27.

Willem van Schendel, ‘Stateless in South Asia: The Making of the India–Bangladesh Enclaves’,

, 61.1 (Feb. 2002), pp. 115–47. See also W. van Schendel,

(London: Anthem, 2005).

28.

Speech of L.K. Advani quoted in Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) press release, Karachi, 4 June 2005.

29.

L.K. Advani's speech at the South Asian Free Media Association, Islamabad, 2 June 2005. See also ‘Musharraf ‘s Family Ties to Delhi’, BBC News, 13 July 2001.

30.

, 16 Aug. 2005. See also www.bab-e-pakistan.gov.pk.

31.

, 17 Nov. 2005.

32.

Krishna Kumar, ‘Peace with the Past’,

, 522 (2003). See also Krishna Kumar,

(New Delhi and London: Penguin, 2002).

33.

, 27 Feb. 2006;

magazine, 19 March 2006.

1.

, 2nd ser., vol. 3, p. 99.

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Burke, S.M. (ed.),

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Cantwell Smith, W.,

, (London: Victor Gollancz, 1946)

Carter, L. (ed.),

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Choudhary, V. (ed.),

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Darling, M.,

. (London: Oxford University Press, 1949)

Das, D. (ed.),

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Datta, V.N. and Cleghorn, B.E. (eds),

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Dayal, R.,

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Harvani, Ansar,

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Ikramullah, S.S.,

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Jain, A.P.,

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Johnson, Alan Campbell,

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(Karachi:

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Khan, Mohammad Ayub,

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Khosla, G.D.,

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Moon, P.,

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