The Lie Detectors (36 page)

76
"weak and dangerous":
Ulpian,
Digest,
48.18.1.23, quoted in Edward Peters,
Torture
(Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1985), 34.

77
"on the rack":
Gottfried Leibniz, quoted in Peter Pesic,"Wrestling with Proteus: Francis Bacon and the ‘Torture’ of Nature,"
Isis
90 (1999): 81–94, quotation, 82.

78
"the nature of things":
Bacon,
The Great Instauration,
in
Works,
ed. James Spedding (London: Longmans, 1857–1874), 4:29.

79
"to extremities":
Bacon,
Works,
6:726.

80
"When bodies":
Bacon,
Works,
4:199–200.

81
"By the laws of England":
Bacon,
Certaine Consideration Touching the Better Pacification and Edification of the Church of England
(London: Tomes, 1604), no page.

82
"make windows":
Bacon, "Certain Observations, upon a Libell," [1592], in Bacon,
Resuscitatio
(London: Griffin, 1657), 127–128.

83
"beyond a reasonable doubt":
Barbara J. Shapiro,
Beyond Reasonable Doubt and Probable Cause: Historical Perspectives on the Anglo-American Law of Evidence
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991); Langbein,
Torture and the Law.

84
The institution of the jury:
George Fisher, "The Jury’s Rise as Lie Detector,"
Yale Law Journal
107 (1997): 575–713.

85
"the common liar":
William L. Foster, "Expert Testimony—Prevalent Complaints and Proposed Remedies,"
Harvard Law Review
11 (1897): 169–186, quotation, 169.

86
"We must bring":
Hugo Münsterberg,
On the Witness Stand: Essays on Psychology and Crime
(New York: Doubleday, 1908), 122–123.

87
"[O]ur pulses strapped":
Grace Hollingswoth Tucker, "The Gods Serve Hebe,"
Radcliffe Quarterly
(10/33): 192–204, quotation, 202.

88
"the ablest":
William James to Henry James, 4/11/1892, in James,
Correspondence,
ed. Ignas K. Skrupskelis and Elizabeth M. Berkeley (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1992–2004), 2:217. William James,"What Is an Emotion?" (1884). For James’s revisions, see James, "The Physical Basis of Emotion,"
Psychological Review
1 (1894): 516–529.

89
"unquestioned first":
WJP: William James to Hugo Münsterberg, 5/15/1892.

90
"Now I am yours":
WJP: Hugo Münsterberg to William James, 3/19/97.

91
"automaton":
Gertrude Stein, "In a Psychological Laboratory," 12/19/1894, Gertrude Stein Papers, Yale University, quoted in Coventry Edwards-Pitt, "Sonnets of the Psyche: Gertrude Stein, the Harvard Psychological Lab, and Literary Modernism" (Senior Thesis, History of Science Department, Harvard University, 1998), 98.

92
"Her record":
Ibid.

93
"scientific conscience":
Münsterberg,
Witness Stand,
137–171.

94
"pierce his mind"
to
"not the slightest":
HMP: Münsterberg, "Experiments with Harry Orchard," [July 1907].

95
"Monsterwork":
"‘I Can Tell If You’re a Liar!’"
NYT,
9/15/07. See also Margaret Münsterberg,
Hugo Münsterberg: His Life and Work
(New York: Appleton, 1922), 149.

96
"yellow psychology":
Charles Moore, "Yellow Psychology,"
Law Notes
(10/07): 125–127. See also Wigmore,"Muensterberg."

97
"Dr. Münsterberg can have":
Quoted in Burnham,
Superstition,
94.

98
"My nerves protest":
HMP: Münsterberg, "Experiments with Harry Orchard," [1907].

99
"the methods of experimental":
Münsterberg,
Witness Stand,
108–109.

100
"truth-compelling machines": NYT,
9/11/07.

101
"There will be no jury": NYT,
9/10/11.

102
"This study":
W.M. quoted in
Boston Evening Standard,
2/26/15.

103
"the girl from Mt. Holyoke":
W.M.,
Lie Detector Test,
47–48.

104
96 percent of the liars:
W.M.,"Systolic Blood.".

105
100 percent of the liars:
W.M., "Physiological Possibilities." See also NRCP: W.M.,"Report on Deception Tests," [10/17].

106
"with very strong consciousness":
NRCP: W.M. to Yerkes, 1/21/18.

107
"The factor of voluntary":
NRCP: W.M. to Yerkes, 2/23/18.

108
"always proven entirely":
NRCP: Herbert Langfeld, 10/8/17.

109
74.3 percent of the time:
NRCP: W.M. and John E. Anderson, "Deception Test," 12/10/18.

110
"a matter of common knowledge"
to
"is what the jury is for":
NARA/RG21/38325: McCoy,
U.S. v. Frye,
12–13, 18, 12.
Washington Daily News,
7/20/22.

111
"If such tests":
Zachariah Chafee, Jr.,"The Progress of the Law, 1919–1921,"
Harvard Law Review
35 (1921–1922): 309.

112
"Just when a scientific": Frye v. United States,
293 Fed. 1013 (12/3/23).

113
"a thing for the laboratory":
McCormick,"Deception Tests.".

114
"prevent detection":
Dorritt Stumberg,"A Comparison of Sophisticated and Naïve Subjects by the Association-Reaction Method,"
American Journal of Psychology
36 (1925): 88–95, quotation, 95.

115
Marston himself, working with his wife:
W.M., "Sex Characteristics,"387–419; W.M., "Systolic Blood Pressure and Reaction Time Symptoms,"143–179.

116 54

117
California State Medical Association:
"The Lie Detector,"
California State Journal of Medicine
20 (July 1922): 218.

118
"A detective official":
Dashiell Hammett, "From the Memoirs of a Private Detective,"
Smart Set
(3/23).

119
"Send him down":
LKP/3: C.K. to L.K., 3/23/25. See also CKP/c5: C.K., "August Vollmer: Friends Bearing Torches," [1931–1932].

120
"with the affection":
LKP/2: A.V. to Viola Stevens, 4/21/50.

121
But there was another episode:
Warren Olney III,
Law Enforcement and Judicial Administration in the Early Earl Warren Era,
Earl Warren Oral History Project (Berkeley, Calif.: Bancroft Library, 1981), 63–65.

122
"snake charmer and rotten liar":
JLP-BG: Waterbury to J.L., 12/28/35. See Waterbury’s version in JLP/8: Frank Waterbury to J.L., 8/30/57, 9/16/57.

123
"easy":
LKP/1: L.K., "The Lie Detector,"
Cub Tracks
(4/26): 105–107, 138–140, quotation, 105.

124
"Do you love":
E.K.,
Lie Detector Man,
1.

125
"I imagine I was afraid":
LKP/3: E.K. to L.K., 12/3/44.

126
"could fill stadiums":
E.K., quoted in C.K.,
Simple Home,
xxxi.

127
"I crave the truth":
Charles Keeler, "The Truth,"
The Victory: Poems of Triumph
(New York: Gomme, 1916), 35.

128
"simple and genuine"
to
"create it":
C.K.,
The Simple Home,
xvi, xlv.

129
"that you would grow":
LKP/3: C.K. to L.K., 8/17/30.

130
"courage and initiative":
CKP/3: C.K. to L.K., 1/29/36.

131
"indoctrinated":
CKP/9: C.K.,"Cosmic Religion for the Upbringing of Children," n.d.

132
"love, truth and beauty":
C.K.,
An Epitome of Cosmic Religion
(Berkeley, Calif.: At the Sign of the Live Oak, 1925), 9.

133
"the greatest single":
LKP/3: C.K. to L.K., 1/20/[35?].

134
"the most beautiful": BG,
4/29/21.

135
"This is my land":
ADMP: Agnes de Mille,"[Keeler]," [1980s].

136
"the best of all":
Agnes de Mille, "Do I Hear Violins?"
NYT Sunday Magazine,
5/11/75.

137
"My God":
ADMP: Agnes de Mille,"[Keeler]," [1980s].

138
"And don’t kid":
Dashiell Hammett,
Red Harvest
(New York: Random House, [1929], 1992), 119.

139
"battle politicians": LAT,
8/2/23.

140
"honeycombed with crooks": Los Angeles Record,
6/11/23.

141
"Is it true":
G. A. Briegleb, R. P. Shuler, in
LAT,
6/14/23.

142
"semi-intelligent": LAT,
6/11/23.

143
"W
HO
R
UNS
":
Editorial,
LAT,
8/18/23.

144
"Business has continued":
Editorial,
LAT,
4/25/22.

145
"divorce": LAT,
8/4/23.

146
"Somehow one feels": LAT,
10/13/23.

147
"hub of the police wheel": LAT,
9/29/23.

148
"I am going to strip": Los Angeles Record,
10/13/23.

149
"pressure":
A.V., in [Wickersham],
Report on Police,
14:61.

150
"foolish worship": LAT,
2/12/24.

151
"a modified, simplified": LAT,
1/25/24.

152
"morbid, painted-up":
LKP/3: L.K. to C.K., 11/28/23.

153
"first victim": LAT,
1/25/24.

154
"giant negro": LAT,
3/2/24.

155
"great inward emotion": LAT,
2/1/24.

156
"It seems to me":
JLP/7: L.K. to J.L., 4/22/24.

157
"You did right":
JLP/7: J.L. to L.K., 5/5/24.

158
"uncanny": LAT,
2/11/24.

159
"the inhumane methods": LAT,
3/2/24.

160
"In the solemn secrecy":
JLP/7: Sloan to J.L., 6/26/24, provides an insider’s account; see also
LAT,
7/11/24.

161
"mechanical truthseeker": LAT,
4/11/24.

162
"inhuman third degree": LAT,
7/22/24.

163
"the hounds":
AVP: A.V. to Millicent Gardner Fell, [1923–1924].

164
the results of his IQ survey:
A.V., in [Wickersham],
Report on Police,
14: 59–60; Woods,"Progressives," 176–190.

165
"tired, jaded": Los Angeles Record,
6/14/24.

166
"The first of September":
Alfred E. Parker,
Crime Fighter: August Vollmer
(New York: Macmillan, 1961), 164; see also
LAT,
7/2/24.