The Northern Crusades (48 page)
Read The Northern Crusades Online
Authors: Eric Christiansen
Tags: #History, #bought-and-paid-for, #Religion
G. C. Evans,
Tannenberg 1410: 1914
(London, 1970), is a good read. C. R. Jurgela,
Tannenberg
(New York, 1961), reconstructs the battle from a Lithuanian point of view, and the subject of Prusso-Russo-Lithuano-Polish relations is broadly covered in O. Halecki,
Borderlands of Western Civilization
(New York, 1952) 117–46, and G. Vernadsky,
The Mongols and Russia
(New Haven, Conn., 1953), chapter 4.
The sequence of events at Constance is best studied in the sources translated in
The Council of Constance: The Unification of the Church
, ed. J. H. Mundy and K. M. Woody, Records of Civilization
lxiii
(New York, 1961), and P. Glorieux,
Le Concile de Constance
(Ciresio’s diary) (Toumai, 1964). On the Polish case against the Order, see S. F. Belch,
Paulus Vladimiri and His Doctrine Concerning International Law and Politics
, 2 vols (The Hague, 1965) – ardently Vladimirian. His works were published with Polish and English translations by Ludwik Ehrlich in 3 volumes as
Pisma Wybrane Pawla Wlodkowica
(Warsaw, 1968–9), and the infamous
Satira
of his opponent by H. Boockmann in his definitive
Jobannes Falkenberg
(Göttingen, 1975), 312–53. There is an outline of the dispute between Poland and the Order in Muldoon (see above, chapter 5), 106–19, and for medieval theories of war, see F. H. Russell,
The Just War in the Middle Ages
(Cambridge, 1975).
For the narrative history of Prussia and Livonia from 1410 to 1525 there is still nothing outside German other than the antiquated Sieur de Wal,
Histoire de Vordre teutonique
(Paris,1784–90), iv-vii; but for the social and political problems of Prussia there is the matchless Michael Burleigh,
prussian Society and the German Order
(Cambridge, 1984) and his satellite articles: ‘History, Privilege and Conspiracy Theories in Mid-fifteenth Century Prussia’,
European History Quarterly
,
xiv
(1984), and ‘Anticlericalism in Fifteenth Century Prussia: The Clerical Contribution Reconsidered’,
The Church in Pre-Reformation Society
, ed. C. M. Barron and C. Meyer-Boll (Woodbridge, 1985). These are marred by partisanship on behalf of the Order’s vassals, but remain the only readable work on the subject in any language. On relations with England, J. H. Wylie,
History of England under Henry the Fourth
, 4 vols (London, 1884–98) is worth consulting; also E. F. Jacob,
The Fifteenth Century
(Oxford, 1961), 356–60, and M. M. Postan, ‘Anglo-Hanseatic Economic Relations’,
English Trade in the Fifteenth Century
, ed. E. E. Power and M. M. Postan (London, 1933). A fuller treatment is in T. H. Lloyd,
England and the German Hanse 1157–1611
(Cambridge, 1991).
For the ascendancy of Moscow in the North, see J. Fennell,
Ivan the Great of Moscow
(London, 1961), and his ‘Russia 1462–1583’, ch. 18 of
The New Cambridge Modern History
,
ii
(Cambridge, 1957), see also J. Raba, ‘The Fate of the Novgorodian Republic’, Slavic and East European Review,
xlv
(1967), and W. Westergard, ‘Denmark, Russia and the Swedish Revolution 1480–1503’,
Slavic and East European Review
,
xvi
(1937). There is a good map of the Russo-Swedish war of 1495–7 (map no. 30) in
Suomen Historian Kartasto
, ed. E. Jutikkala (Porvoo and Helsinki, 1959). For the ecclesiastical crisis within Novgorod, see J. L. Wieczynski, ‘Archbishop Gennadius and the West’,
Canadian-American Slavic Studies
,
vi
(1972). For an excellent study of the Livonian problem in the sixteenth century, consult W. Kirchner,
The Rise of the Baltic Question
(Newark, 1954) and David Kirby,
Northern Europe in the Early Modern Period
(Harlow, 1990); parts 1 and 2 contain the best summary of the relations of the Order and other powers in the sixteenth century.
The indiscipline of the Livonian knights is discussed by I. Sterns in
Speculum
,
lvii
(1982) as above, chapter 3.
In addition to the works in the above reading list, there are collections of Latin sources, which the reader will find listed below, in the ‘References to Sources’ section, under ‘Abbreviations’. Those who know German are advised to consult the great bibliographies Dahlmann-Waitz,
Quellenkunde der Deutsche Geschichte
, 10th edn, vol.
i
(Stuttgart, 1969), section 26, nos 1153–75, and
Lieferung
22–3 (
Estland und Lettland. Litauen
) and 27–8 (
Slaven
); Gebhardt,
Handbuch der deutschen Geschichte
, 9th edn, 4 vols (Stuttgart, 1970–6), esp. 1, 380–2 and 579–606; and Wattenbach-Schmale,
Deutschlands Geschichtsquellen im Mittelalter
,
i
(Darmstadt, 1976), esp. 419–41.
Documents on the Later Crusades
, ed. Norman Honsley (Basing-stoke, 1996) includes translations from some sources used above: Wigard (no. 13), Eric Olai (no. 23), Capgrave (no. 24), Boucicant (no. 33), Vladimiri (no. 35) and Falkenberg (no. 36).
| Brundage | The Chronicle of Henry of Livonia , trs. J. Brundage (Madison, Wis., 1961). |
| CDP | Codex diplomaticus Prussicus , 6 vols, ed.J. Voigt (Königsberg, 1836–61). |
| CPD | Codex Pomeraniae diplomaticus , ed. K. Hasselbach, J. Kosegarten and F. von Medem (Greifswald, 1843–62). |
| DD 1/11 | Diplomatarium Danicum , ser. i , ii , ed. L. Weibull, N. Skyum and H. Nielsen (Copenhagen, 1963). |
| DD i / iii | Diplomatarium Danicum , ser. i , iii , ed. C. A. Christensen, H. Nielsen, L. Weibull (Copenhagen, 1976). |
| DS | Diplomatarium Suecanum . |
| EK | Erikskrönikan , ed. R. Pipping, Samlingar utgivna av svenska fornskriftsällskapet clviii (Uppsala, 1921). |
| FD | Förbindelsedikten , ed. G. K. Klemming as ‘Sammanfogningen mellan Gamla och Nya Krönikan’ in Svenska Medeltidens Rim—Krönikar (Stockholm, 1865), 171–92. |
| FHL | Fontes historiae Latviae medii aevi , ed. A. Svabe (Riga, 1937–48). |
| FMU | Finlands Medeltidsurkunder , ed. R. Hausen, i (1–1400) (Helsingfors, 1910). |
| LEKU | Liv—, Esth—, und Curländisches Urkundenbuch , 12 vols, ed. F. G. von Bunge (Reval and Riga, 1853–1910). |
| LR | Livländische Reimchronik , ed. F. Pfeiffer (Stuttgart, 1844). |
| MGH SS | Monumenta Germaniae Historica: Scriptores rerum germanicarum , ed. G. H. Pertz, T. Mommsen et al. (Hanover, Berlin &c) 1826–. |
| MPH | Monumenta Poloniae historica , 4 vols, ed. A. Bielowski (Lwow, 1864–84). |
| NC | The Chronicle of Novgorod 1016–1471 , trs. R. Michell and N. Forbes, Camden Society, 3rd ser., xxv (London, 1914). |
| Perfecky | The Hypatian Codex Part Two: The Galician-Volhynian Chronicle , ed. and trs. G. A. Perfecky (Munich, 1973). |
| Perlbach | Die Statuten des Deutschen Ordens , ed. M. Perlbach (Halle, 1890). |
| PUB | Preussisches Urkundenbuch , 2 vols, ed. A. Seraphim, M. Hein and E. Maschke (Königsberg, 1909–39). |
| Saxo | Saxo Grammaticus, Saxonisgesta Danorum , ed.J. Olrik and H. Ræder (Copenhagen, 1931). |
| SMHD | Scriptores minores historiae Danicae medii aevi , 2 vols, ed. M. Gertz (Copenhagen, 1917–20). |
| SRP | Scriptores rerum Prussicarum, 5 vols, ed. T. Hirsch, M. Toeppen and E. Strehlke (Leipzig, 1861–74). |
| SS | E. Weise, Die Staatschriften des Deutschen Ordens , Veröffentlichungen der Niedersächsischen Archivverwaltung xxvii (Göttingen, 1970). |
| Tschan | The Chronicle of the Slavs by Helmold, Priest of Bosau , trs. F. J. Tschan (New York, 1966). |
| Trevisa | John Trevisa, On the Properties of Things , 2 vols, ed. M. C. Seymour (Oxford, 1975). |
NB. References made to translations of texts do not imply that the translation has been quoted; merely that the translation given corresponds to the passage referred to.
1
.
NC
, 11.
2
.
NC
, 76.
3
.
Oeuvres de Ghilebert de Lannoy
, ed. C. Polvin and S. C. Houzeau (Louvain, 1878), 33.
4
. Pisces salsos et foetentes apportabant alii Palpitantes et recentes nunc apportant filii…
Galli Chronicon
, 11, 27 (MPH, 1, 447).
5
.
Knytlinga Saga
, ch. 32, a mid-thirteenth-century source using twelfth-century statistics. C. af Petersen and E. Olson,
Sogur Danakonunga
(Copenhagen, 1919–25) 79–81.
6
. Saxo, 497.
7
. Herbord,
Vita Ottonis
(
MPH
, 11, 78).
8
. Saxo, 357, 392.
9
.
Corpus iuris Sueo-gotorum antiqui
, ed. H. Collin and C. Schlyter (Stockholm, 1827), 1, 300–1.
10
. Roskilde Chronicle, ch. 17 (
SMHD
, 1, 30).
11
. Charter to Lund cathedral, 6 Jan 1135 (DD 1/11, no. 63).
12
.
Two of the Saxon Chronicles
, 2 vols, ed. C. Plummer and J. Earle (Oxford, 1952 reissue), 1, 221.
13
. Herbord (
MPH
, 11, 88).
14
. Saxo, 488.
15
. Ebbo,
Vita Ottonis,
iii
, 18 (
MPH
, 11, 67).
16
. Saxo, 464–5.
17
. Snorri Sturlason,
Magnuss Saga Blinda
, ch. 10, trs. L. M. Hollander, in
Heimskringla
(Austin, Tex., 1964) 726.
18
.
De proprietatibus rerum
,
xv
, ch. 87 (Trevisa, 777).
19
. Sturlason,
Heimkringla
(see note 17 above), 147.
20
. Brundage, 190.
21
.
De proprietatibus rerum
,
xv
, ch. 125 (Trevisa, 822).
22
.
NC
, 36–7.
23
. Gallus,
MPH
, 1, 455.
24
. Saxo, 390.
25
. Saxo, 419.
26
. Tschan, 180.
27
.‘… non efficaciter set tamen obedienter complevimus’— Epistle 150
Monumenta Corbeiensia
, ed. P. Jaffé, Bibliotheca rerum Germanicarum,
i
(Berlin, 1865), 245.