The Red and the White: A Family Saga of the American West (47 page)

44
    William Hoffman,
David: Report on a Rockefeller
(New York: Lyle Stuart, 1971), 86. See also David Rockefeller,
Memoirs
(New York: Random House, 2002), esp. 39–49; and Ron Chernow,
Titan: The Life of John D. Rockefeller, Sr.
(New York: Random House, 1998), 641–47. As it happened, David was not among the travelers on the 1924 excursion, which included only his three older brothers—John III, Nelson, and Laurance. David and his brother Winthrop visited Glacier two years later, but did not meet John Clarke at that time. See David Rockefeller to Joyce Clarke Turvey, 14 Aug. 1976 (copy in author’s possession).

45
    Bunny McBride,
Journeys West: The David & Peggy Rockefeller American Indian Art Collection
(Bar Harbor, Maine: Abbe Museum, 2007; catalog in author’s possession). Also author correspondence with Bunny McBride, 17 Nov. 2010 (in author’s possession).

46
    
The Silent Worker
2, no. 2 (Oct. 1949): 3.

47
    
Artists Monthly
, 5 Dec. 1932 (newspaper clipping in MTHS, John Clarke, vertical file).

48
    For a sampling of its bounty, see Museum of Modern Art,
Masterpieces of the David and Peggy Rockefeller Collection: Manet to Picasso
(New York: Museum of Modern Art, 1994).

49
    Morgan, “Reminiscences of John L. Clarke.”

50
    John traded a woodcarving and a horsehair belt for his daughter’s first mount. Author interview with Joyce Clarke Turvey, June 2007. See also Gail Jokerst, “The-Man-Who-Talks-Not,”
Montana Magazine,
Dec. 1993, p. 30.

51
    Author interview with Joyce Clarke Turvey, Oct. 2006.

52
    For additional information, see her obituary,
New York Times,
7 Sept. 1982.

53
    Letter from Eleanor Sherman to John L. Clarke, 9 June 1934, GAU, IEFAA, MSS 91, box 2, folder 11.

54
    Letter from Mamie Clarke to Eleanor Sherman, 2 July 1934, GAU, IEFAA, MSS 91, box 2, folder 11.

55
    Letter from Mamie Clarke to Eleanor Sherman, 24 July 1939, GAU, IEFAA, MSS 91, box 2, folder 11. (Emphasis in the original)

56
    See Adolph Hungry Wolf,
The Blackfoot Papers
(Browning, Mont.: Blackfeet Heritage Center, 2006), 4:1411–19.

57
    For a recent consideration of the issue, see Don Johnson, “Two Guns White Calf—a Model Indian?”
Piegan Storyteller
15, no. 1 (Jan. 1990): 1, 3–4.

58
    
Time,
26 March 1934.

59
    Robert E. Berkhofer,
The White Man’s Indian: Images of the American Indian from Columbus to the Present
(New York: Knopf, 1978).

60
    
Hardin Tribune-Herald,
13 April 1934, quoted in Hungry Wolf,
The Blackfoot Papers,
4:1415.

61
    Paul C. Rosier,
Rebirth of the Blackfeet Nation, 1912–1954
(Lincoln: Univ. of Nebraska Press, 2001), 115–21.

62
    
New York Times,
14 March 1934.

63
    Clarke may have learned how to work in bronze from Adrien Alexandre Voisin (1890–1979), an American sculptor born to French parents; he met Clarke in the 1920s during one his many trips to the West. The artist was so charmed by Clarke that in 1929 he made bronze busts of both him and his mother (who was seventy-nine at the time). For additional information as well as photographs of the sculptures, see Bill Harmsen,
Illustrating the Lost Wax Method, Sculpture to Bronze: Featuring the Life and Sculpture of Adrien Alexandre Voisin
(Denver: Harmsen Publishing, 1981), 44–45. My thanks to Mary Scriver for this reference.

64
    This assessment appeared in the 1941 edition of
Who’s Who in Art.
Quoted in Dana Turvey, “The Man Who Talks Not,”
Flathead Living,
July/Aug. 2007, p. 47.

65
    Standard works on termination include Donald L. Fixico,
Termination and Relocation: Federal Indian Policy, 1945–1960
(Albuquerque: Univ. of New Mexico Press, 1986); Kenneth R. Philp,
Termination Revisited: American Indians on the Trail to Self-Determination, 1933–1953
(Lincoln: Univ. of Nebraska Press, 1999); and Roberta Ulrich,
American Indian Nations from Termination to Restoration, 1953–2006
(Lincoln: Univ. of Nebraska Press, 2010). For the Blackfeet, see Rosier,
Rebirth of the Blackfeet Nation,
esp. 217–82.

66
    See, e.g., Phil Deloria,
Playing Indian
(New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1999), and esp. Sherry L. Smith,
Hippies, Indians, and the Fight for Red Power
(New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2012).

67
    Author interview with Marvin Weatherwax, Oct. 2006. For more on Albert Racine, see Burk,
New Interpretations,
39–44.

68
    See Linda Gordon,
Dorothea Lange: A Life beyond Limits
(New York: Norton, 2009).

69
    See Kenneth R. Philp,
John Collier’s Crusade for Indian Reform, 1920–1954
(Tucson: Univ. of Arizona Press, 1977).

70
    See Rosier,
Rebirth of the Blackfeet Nation
, esp. 101–29. The bill was also known by a third name, the Indian Reorganization Act.

71
    The TSFA was the successor to the significant but short-lived Public Works of Art Project, which lasted from Dec. 1933 to June 1934. The TSFA itself was absorbed into the Federal Works Agency in 1938, where it remained until 1943, which saw the termination of all New Deal art programs. See Jennifer McLerran,
A New Deal for Native Art: Indian Arts and Federal Policy, 1933– 1943
(Tucson: Univ. of Arizona Press, 2009), 161–97.

72
    Letter from Mamie Clarke to Eleanor Sherman, 23 March 1937, GUA, IEFAA, MSS 91, box 2, folder 11.

73
    
Glacier Reporter,
27 Feb. 1986. In their present installation indoors, the buffalo jump frieze is on the right and the Indian encampment is on the left, with the horizontal frieze currently nowhere on display in the facility. My thanks to Ken Robison and especially Bob Doerk and Bruce Druliner for confirming the placements of these works.

74
    McLerran,
A New Deal for Native Art,
158.

75
    For a broader discussion of this paradigm shift from allotment to revival, with particular attention to the role of non-Indians in facilitating this transformation, see Sherry L. Smith,
Reimagining Indians: Native Americans through Anglo Eyes, 1880–1940
(New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2000).

76
    For a fuller description of such processes, see George Bird Grinnell,
The Cheyenne Indians: History and Society
(1923; Lincoln: Univ. of Nebraska Press, 1972), 1:213–17. Plains Indian peoples used similar techniques in hunting and dressing bison.

77
    William Walker, “A Living Exhibition: The Smithsonian, Folklife, and the Making of the Modern Museum” (Ph.D. diss., Brandeis Univ., 2007), 21–29.

78
    John C. Ewers,
The Blackfeet: Raiders on the Northwestern Plains
(1958; Norman: Univ. of Oklahoma Press, 1983), ix.

79
    For more on Curtis, see Mick Gidley, ed.,
Edward S. Curtis and the North American Indian Project in the Field
(Lincoln: Univ. of Nebraska Press, 2003); and Timothy Egan,
Short Nights of the Shadow Catcher: The Epic Life and Immortal Photographs of Edward Curtis
(New York: Harcourt, 2012).

80
    Ewers,
Plains Indian Sculpture,
216.

81
    
Montana Senior News
19, no. 5 (June/July 2003): 56.

82
    Clyde A. Milner II and Carol O’Connor,
As Big as the West: The Pioneer Life of Granville Stuart
(New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2009).

83
    Mary Strachan Scriver,
Bronze Inside and Out: A Biographical Memoir of Bob Scriver
(Calgary: Univ. of Calgary Press, 2007), 116; author correspondence with Mary Scriver, 31 Jan. 2011.

84
    Burk,
New Interpretations,
168.

85
    Morgan, “Reminiscences of John L. Clarke.”

Epilogue

1
    McFee taught at the Univ. of Oregon from 1965 to 1982 and died in 1992. See “Assembly Minutes [University of Oregon] 6 Jan. 1993,” http://pages. uoregon.edu/assembly/dirassembly/A6Jan93.html (accessed 4 Sept. 2012).

2
    Malcolm McFee, “The 150% Man, a Product of Blackfeet Acculturation,”
American Anthropologist 7
(Dec. 1968): 1096–103; and McFee,
Modern Blackfeet: Montanans on a Reservation
(New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1972).

3
    McFee, “The 150% Man,” 1097; and McFee,
Modern Blackfeet,
31.

4
    Ewers wrote in 1958, “The most remarkable trend in the history of [the Blackfeet] during the first half of this century has been the rapid growth in the mixed-blood element of the population.” See
The Blackfeet: Raiders on the Northwestern Plains
(1958; Norman: Univ. of Oklahoma Press, 1983), 326. Rules pertaining to membership in the tribe changed significantly in 1962, when the tribal constitution was amended to limit enrollment to those of at least one quarter Indian descent; before that time there had been no stipulation concerning degree of Indian blood. See McFee, “The 150% Man,” 1097.

5
    “The 150% Man,” 1101. The historian Paul C. Rosier employs McFee’s concept in “Joseph W. Brown: Native American Politician,” in
The Human Tradition in the American West, ed. Benson Tong and Regan A. Lutz
(Wilmington, Del.: SR Books, 2002), 117–35.

6
    Letter from George and Louise Spindler to Malcolm McFee, 4 June 1970, Stanford University Libraries, Department of Special Collections, George and Louise Spindler Papers, SC0943, box 6, folder 7.

7
    McFee,
Modern Blackfeet,
vi.

8
    For “blood-ism,” see author interview with Donald Pepion, Jan. 2008. For the rise of casino gambling and oil development on the reservation, see

Bibliography

Manuscript Collections

Gallaudet University, Deaf Collections and Archives, Washington, D.C.

International Exhibition of Fine Applied Arts by Deaf Artists

Glenbow-Alberta Institute, Calgary, Alberta

Stan Gibson Fonds

Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paul, Minnesota

Louis W. Hill Papers

Horatio P. Van Cleve and Family Papers

Missouri History Museum, St. Louis, Missouri

Chouteau Family Papers, Chouteau-Papin Collection

Montana Historical Society, Helena, Montana

Helen P. Clarke Papers, SC 1153

Helen P. Clarke, Vertical File

Horace Clarke Reminiscence, SC 540

John L. Clarke, Vertical File

Malcolm Clarke, Vertical File

Andrew Dawson Papers, SC 292

May G. Flanagan Papers, SC 1236

Heavy Runner Records, MF 53

David Hilger Papers, SC 854

James Kipp Papers, SC 936

Nathaniel P. Langford Papers, SC 215

Martha E. Plassmann Papers, MC 78

John W. Ponsford Reminiscence, SC 659

James Upson Sanders Papers, MC 66

Wilbur Fisk Sanders Papers, MC 53

James Willard Schultz Papers, SC 721

Sieben Ranch, Vertical File

Régis de Trobriand Papers, SC 5 and SC 1201

Edith Grimes Waddell Reminiscence, SC 1669

William F. Wheeler Papers, MC 65

Montana State University Library, Merrill G. Burlingame Special Collections, Bozeman, Montana

Merrill G. Burlingame Papers, Collection 2245

James Willard Schultz Papers, Collection 10

WPA Records, Collection 2336

National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C.

Records of the Bureau of the Census, Ninth Census of the United States, 1870, Montana Territory, RG 29

Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, Central Classified Files, Blackfeet, 1907–39, RG 75

Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, Letters Received, RG 75

Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, Special Case File 147, RG 75

Stanford University Libraries, Department of Special Collections, Stanford, California

George and Louise Spindler Papers, SC0943

University of Montana Library, K. Ross Toole Archives, Missoula, Montana

Sherburne Family Papers

Texas State Library and Archives, Austin, Texas

Republic Claims

Oral Interviews

Darrell Robes Kipp. Interview by the author, Oct. 2006.

Carol Murray. Interview by the author, Oct. 2006.

Darrell Norman. Interview by the author, June 2007.

Donald Pepion. Interview by the author, Jan. 2008.

Joyce Clarke Turvey. Interviews by the author, Oct. 2006 and June 2007.

Marvin Weatherwax. Interview by the author, Oct. 2007.

Lea Whitford. Interview by the author, June 2007.