The Time Traveller's Guide to Elizabethan England (70 page)

65
.
Before the Mast
, p. 523.

66
.
Before the Mast
, p. 615.

67
.
Before the Mast
, pp. 520 (age), 564 (dogs). The survey of all the mariners in the south-west completed in the early seventeenth century records a large number of able sailors in their forties and fifties, but these men were operating fishing vessels
or hoys and ketches along the coast or across the Channel; they were men who had left the navy, if ever they were in it. See Todd Gray (ed.),
Early Stuart Mariners and Shipping: the maritime surveys of Devon and Cornwall, 1619–35
, Devon and Cornwall Record Soc. (1990).

68
.
Before the Mast
, pp. 226–49.

69
. Parry,
Reconnaissance
, p. 79.

70
. Wilson, ‘State’, pp. 40–1.

71
. Laughton,
Armada
, p. 181.

72
. This note of the circumnavigation has been taken largely from the entry for Drake in
ODNB
by Harry Kelsey.

73
. Amilcar D’Avila de Mello, ‘Peter Carder’s Strange Adventures Revealed’,
The Mariner’s Mirror
, vol. 93, 3 (August 2007), pp. 1–8.

8. Where to Stay

1
. Herridge,
Inventories
, pp. 38–40. No chamber above the hall is mentioned, hence it is presumed that the hall was open to the roof and had a central hearth.

2
. Herridge,
Inventories
, pp. 437–9.

3
. Girouard,
Architecture
, p. 25.

4
. Girouard,
Architecture
, p. 25.

5
. Malcolm Airs,
The Tudor and Jacobean Country House
(1995), p. 97.

6
. Sir Francis was £12,000 in debt by 1589, nine years after starting work. See Dawson,
Plenti & Grase
, p. 39.

7
. Girouard,
Architecture
, p. 139.

8
. Dawson,
Plenti & Grase
, p. 251.

9
. Girouard,
LECH
, p. 101.

10
. Dawson,
Plenti & Grase
, p. 43; Girouard,
LECH
, pp. 15, 138–9.

11
. Dawson,
Plenti & Grase
, p. 43.

12
. Dawson,
Plenti & Grase
, p. 49.

13
. Girouard,
LECH
, p. 111.

14
. Although rare, inventories of gentlemen’s residences with glass do mention curtains and curtain rails. See Herridge,
Inventories
, pp. 43, 117, 218, 254 etc. for examples.

15
. Doran,
Exhibition
, p. 109.

16
. An Elizabethan chest of drawers belonging to the corporation of Stratford is to be found in John Nash’s house in Stratford. One is mentioned in the inventory of George Hocken of Totnes (see Margaret Cash (ed.),
Devon Inventories of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries
, Devon and Cornwall Record Soc., N. S., vol. 11 (1966), no. 37).

17
. Girouard,
LECH
, pp. 94, 99–100.

18
. See the example in Doran,
Exhibition
, p. 114.

19
. Furnivall,
Babees Book
, p. 180.

20
. Strong,
Garden
, p. 42.

21
. Strong,
Garden
, pp. 32–43.

22
. Strong,
Garden
, pp. 56–9.

23
. The journal of the duke of Würtemberg, quoted in Scott,
EOaW
, pp. 39–40.

24
. Strong,
Garden
, pp. 52–5.

25
. Hoskins, ‘Rebuilding’, p. 45.

26
. Havinden,
Inventories
, pp. 192–8.

27
. Emmison,
HWL
, p. 6. These figures are based on houses in Maldon, Essex.

28
. Hoskins, ‘Rebuilding’, p. 46.

29
. Herridge,
Inventories
, pp. 208–9.

30
. Herridge,
Inventories
, pp. 356–7 (Jefferie); Havinden,
Inventories
, p. 21 (storage).

31
. Carew,
Survey
, f. 66v.

32
. Havinden,
Inventories
, pp. 91–4.

33
. Havinden,
Inventories
, pp. 308–9.

34
. Herridge,
Inventories
, p. 233.

35
. 31 Elizabeth I, cap. 7. The exceptions were if it was in a borough or market town, or was
built to house the poor. Havinden,
Inventories
, p. 14.

36
. Havinden,
Inventories
, pp. 211–12.

37
. Herridge,
Inventories
, p. 261.

38
. Havinden,
Inventories
, pp. 130–8; Dawson,
Plenti & Grase
, p. 111.

39
. Herridge,
Inventories
, pp. 253–6.

40
. These included an anvil with a stock (13s 4d), a pair of bellows (£1), two vices (£1), a bicorn with a stock (5s), two sledgehammers, two hand hammers and two nail hammers (8s), two nail tools (2s), fourteen files of various sizes (2s), six pairs of tongs (4s), weighing beams and scales (7s), a wimble, a spring saw, a compass saw and a hand saw (2s all four), three old chisels (6d), four board hammers (1s 6d), two shoeing hammers and two pairs of pincers (2s), two buttresses, a paring knife and a clinching knife (1s 6d), as well as various locks and keys, maundrils, axes, punches, chisels, candlesticks, shears, and twenty-six bushels of coal (the last being worth £1 6s). Havinden,
Inventories
, pp. 243–4.

41
. Herridge,
Inventories
, pp. 116–17.

42
. Dawson,
Plenti & Grase
, p. 79. Also see Horman,
Vulgaria
: ‘water of the spring is better than well water’. Boorde,
Dyetary
, also instructs his readers that they should site their house in such a way as to use rain water in preference to spring water, spring water in preference to well water, and well water in preference to river water.

43
. ‘A great eel stopped the issue of the conduit that the water could not come out at the cocks’, in Horman,
Vulgaria
.

44
. Charles Nicholl,
The Lodger: Shakespeare on Silver Street
(2007), p. 52.

9. What to Eat and Drink

1
. The sum of £26 for the house in the 1560s and £42 in the 1590s is taken from Emmison,
HWL
, p. 6. The cost of a sheep was, on average, 3s in the 1560s and 5s in the 1590s, judging from Surrey probate accounts.

2
. Dawson,
Plenti & Grase
, pp. 185–8, states that slaughtering went on as and when demand required it, rather than a mass cull at Martinmas; but his source material (the Willoughby accounts) was from a family that could afford to feed their animals through the winter and needed fresh meat throughout the year for the sake of prestige entertainment.

3
. Dyer, ‘Crisis’, p. 93.

4
. Emmison,
HWL
, pp. 185–7.

5
. Laslett,
WWHL
, pp. 121–2. These details come from the 1623 famine entries, twenty years after Elizabeth’s reign, but very much reminiscent of the conditions in 1594–7.

6
. Emmison,
Disorder
, p. 252.

7
. Black,
Reign
, pp. 252, 254.

8
. Black,
Reign
, pp. 409–10.

9
. C. J. Harrison, ‘Grain Price Analysis and Harvest Qualities, 1465–1634’,
Agricultural History Review
, 19, 2 (1971), pp. 135–55, esp. pp. 149–50;
CAHEW
, pp. 150–1.

10
. Thirsk,
Food
, p. 50.

11
.
Treasurie
, n.p. [p. 31].

12
. These lines about storing apples come from Horman’s
Vulgaria
and partly from William Lawson as quoted in Dawson,
Plenti & Grase
, p. 183.

13
. Dawson,
Plenti & Grase
, p. 222. The
1563 law is 5 Elizabeth I, cap. 5, sections 14–23.

14
. Machyn,
Diary
, p. 249 (£20).

15
. Drummond,
Food
, p. 64.

16
. Thirsk,
Food
, p. 13; Williams,
Life
, p. 114, quoting Elyot’s
Castel of Health
.

17
. Wilson,
Food
, p. 338; Thirsk,
Food
, pp. 13–14.

18
. Wilson,
Food
, p. 348; Gerard,
Herbal
, pp. 275–6.

19
. Dawson,
Plenti & Grase
, pp. 205–6; Platter,
Travels
, pp. 148, 152.

20
.
Eliz. Home
, p. 66.

21
. Dawson,
Plenti & Grase
, pp. 206–7 (quoting Thomas Cogan); Picard,
London
, p. 159, quoting Hubert Hall,
Society in the Elizabethan Age
(1902).

22
. Dawson,
Plenti & Grase
, p. 207.

23
. Drummond,
Food
, p. 61. These household ordinances were first written down in 1512, but seem to have remained in force.

24
. Dawson,
Plenti & Grase
, p. 207.

25
. Furnivall,
Babees Book
, pp. 249–51, 257–8.

26
. Dawson,
Jewel
, p. 66.

27
. Drummond,
Food
, p. 54.

28
.
Eliz. Home
, p. 99.

29
. Dawson,
Plenti & Grase
, p. 218; Holmes,
London
, p. 26;
Eliz. Home
, p. 98.

30
. These dishes are adapted from the lists in
Cookrye
, pp. 2v–3r.

31
. Drummond,
Food
, p. 59;
Eliz. Home
, p. 102.

32
.
Cookrye
, pp. 14v–15r.

33
. The price of 10s is from Stevenson, ‘Extracts’, p. 289.

34
.
Cookrye
, p. 4r.

35
. Dawson,
Plenti & Grase
, p. 228.

36
. Black,
Reign
, p. 273.

37
. Stevenson, ‘Extracts’, pp. 287–90. For the number present with the queen, this is an assumption based on the consumption of beer and ale over the two days: 2,380 gallons. For the queen normally dining alone, see Roy Strong,
Feast: A History of Grand Eating
(2002), pp. 202, 205; Platter,
Travels
, p. 195.

38
. Dawson,
Jewel
, p. xv.

39
. Herridge,
Inventories
, p. 491.

40
. Herridge,
Inventories
, p. 255.

41
. These items are provided by Lady Ri-Melaine at her dinner to a few friends in London. See
Eliz. Home
, p. 102.

42
. Magno, p. 141.

43
. Machyn,
Diary
, p. 237.

44
. In the year 1559–60 £677 of nutmeg is brought into the port of London, along with £892 of cloves, £930 of mace, £2,333 of cinnamon, £2,848 of currants, £9,135 of raisins, £11,852 of pepper and £18,237 of sugar. See
Port & Trade
.

45
. Thirsk,
Food
, p. 34.

46
.
Treasurie
, n.p. [p. 10].

47
. Thirsk,
Food
, p. 16.

48
.
Cookrye
, p. 14.

49
. Wilson,
Food
, p. 343.

50
. Thirsk,
Food
, p. 289.

51
. Thirsk,
Food
, p. 286; Wilson,
Food
, p. 340.

52
.
DEEH
, p. 136; Wilson,
Food
, p. 363.

53
. Thirsk,
Food
, p. 24; Gerard,
Herbal
, p. 1384; Shakespeare,
The Tempest
, Act V, Scene 1.

54
. Drummond,
Food
, p. 59;
Eliz. Home
, p. 467.

55
. Herridge,
Inventories
, p. 29.