The Time Traveller's Guide to Elizabethan England (67 page)

92
. Laslett,
WWHL
, p. 86. The data are for the period 1600–25.

93
. Laslett,
WWHL
, p. 103, says a quarter; Wrigley & Schofield, p. 190, suggest 30 per cent.

94
. Pelling,
CL
, p. 148.

95
. Platter,
Travels
, p. 182. This seems to be a quotation from the duke of Württemberg’s trip.

96
. Quoted in
Eliz. People
, pp. 34–5.

97
. Magno, p. 144.

98
. Scott,
EOaW
, pp. 48–9, quoting Emanuel van Meteren,
Nederlandtsche Historie
(1575). It also appears in Rye,
England
, p. 73.

99
. Platter,
Travels
, p. 170.

100
. ‘Everie one in his calling is bound to doo somewhat to the furtherance of the holie building, but because great things by reason of my sex I may not doo, and that which I may I ought to doo, I have according to my duetie brought my poore basket of stones to the strengthning of the walles of that Jerusalem whereof (by grace) wee are all both citizens and members.’ Quoted in
ODNB
.

101
. Emilia Lanier,
Salve Deus Rex Judaeorum
(1611), ‘to the reader’.

3. Religion

1
. Stubbes,
Anatomy
, p. 60.

2
. Kocher, ‘Atheist’, p. 231.

3
. Kocher, ‘Atheist’, p. 249.

4
.
ODNB
, under ‘Black, David (c. 1546–1603)’.

5
. Susanne S. Webb, ‘Raleigh, Hariot and Atheism in Elizabethan and Early Stuart England’,
Albion
, 1, 1 (1969), pp. 10–18, at pp. 11 and 18.

6
.
ODNB
, under ‘Marlowe’.

7
.
ODNB
, under ‘Marlowe’. For the Vice of Buggery Act, see 5 Elizabeth I, cap. xvii.

8
.
CSPV
, pp. 1,2.

9
. Duffy,
Morebath
, pp. 169–70.

10
. Quoted in Scott,
EOaW
, p. 165.

11
. Elizabeth’s speech to the 1585 Parliament. Quoted in
Eliz. People
, p. 115.

12
. Black,
Reign
, p. 190.

13
. BL: Cotton Vitellius F v, f. 109v.

14
. Black,
Reign
, p. 33.

15
. Bearman,
Stratford
, pp. 97–8.

16
. Its proper title is
Actes and monuments of these latter and perillous days, touching matters of the Church, wherein are comprehended and described the great persecutions and horrible troubles that have been wrought and practised by the Romishe Prelates, specially in this realm of England and Scotland, from the year of our Lorde a thousand until the tyme now present … by Iohn Foxe
(1st edn, 1563).

17
. Marcia Lee Metzger, ‘Controversy and “Correctness”: English chronicles and the chroniclers, 1553–1568’,
Sixteenth Century Journal
, 27, 2 (1996), pp. 437–51, esp. p. 450.

18
. Mary Cleere of Ingatestone, mentioned in chapter 2, is an example of a woman being burnt for high treason. See Emmison,
Disorder
, p. 40.

19
. On this subject, see W. P. M. Kennedy, ‘Fines under the Elizabethan Act of Uniformity’,
EHR
, 33 (1918), pp. 517–28. On the trials for sedition in the 1570s and 1580s, see Emmison,
Disorder
, pp. 39–65.

20
. Emmison,
Disorder
, pp. 46–8.

21
. 23 Elizabeth I, cap. 1.

22
. Black,
Reign
, p. 181. As Patrick Collinson says, ‘most “Catholics” did not refuse to go to church’. Collinson, ‘The Mongrel Religion of Elizabethan England’, in Doran,
Exhibition
, pp. 27–32 at p. 31.

23
. Black,
Reign
, p. 188.

24
. 35 Elizabeth I, cap. 1 & 2.

25
.
Eliz. People
, p. 10. Black reckons 250 Catholics executed in twenty years. Black,
Reign
, p. 188.

26
. William Weston (trans. Philip Caraman),
The Autobiography of an Elizabethan
(1955), pp. 44–46.

27
. Edward Peters,
Inquisition
(Berkeley, 1989), p. 141, quoting Edward Rishton.

28
. From chapter 17 of Harrison,
Description
.

29
. Gerard,
Autobiography
, pp. 106–10.

30
. Emmison,
Disorder
, p. 45.

31
. Quoted in
Eliz. People
, p. 125.

32
. Patrick Collinson,
The Elizabethan Puritan Movement
(Oxford, 1st edn, 1967; rep. 1990), pp. 432–3.

33
.
Eliz. Home
, pp. 1, 10, 12, 111.

34
.
Eliz. People
, pp. 71–2.

35
. Beer,
TEO
, pp. 133–4.

36
. Black,
Reign
, p. 205.

4. Character

1
.
CSPV
, p. 328.

2
. Rye,
England
, p. 70.

3
. Alan Macfarlane,
The Justice and the Mare’s Ale
(Oxford, 1981), pp. 1–26.

4
. 24 Henry VIII, cap. 5; Emmison,
Disorder
, p. 150.

5
. These cases are all from Emmison,
Disorder
, pp. 148–9.

6
. Stoyle, ‘Witch’, pp. 129–51.

7
. Picard,
London
, p. 252, citing Edwin Green, ‘The Vintners’ Lobby 1552–68’,
Guidhall Studies in London History
, 2, (1974).

8
. Charles G. Cruickshank, ‘Dead-pays in the Elizabethan army’,
EHR
, 53 (1938), pp. 93–7.

9
.
CSPV
, p. 35.

10
. Stubbes,
Anatomy
, pp. 6–7.

11
. Wilson, ‘State’, p. 19.

12
. Schoenbaum,
Shakespeare
, p. 152.

13
. See the Essex examples noted in Emmison,
HWL
, p. 123.

14
.
Sh. Eng
., II, p. 222.

15
. Figures taken from the online
English Short-Title Catalogue
, maintained by the BL. The table of books published per decade includes books in English published abroad.

16
.
The English Short-Title Catalogue
,
http://este.bl.uk
.

17
. Black,
Reign
, p. 64.

18
. Roger Ascham,
The Scholemaster
(1570).

19
.
Eliz. Home
, p. 4.

20
. Black,
Reign
, p.323, states that Greek was ‘taught only at Eton, Harrow, Westminster, Shrewsbury and a few others’. For Brownsword’s syllabus, see Jonathan Bate,
The Genius of Shakespeare
(1997), pp. 8–9.

21
. Lane,
John Hall
, xiv; Mortimer,
D&D
, pp. 115, 119.

22
. Gloria J. Betcher, ‘Minstrels, Morris dancers and Players: Tracing the Routes of Travelling Performers in Early Modern Cornwall’,
Early Theatre
, 6, 2 (2003), pp. 33–55.

23
. Clark, ‘Migrant’, p. 148.

24
. Clark, ‘Migrant’, pp. 122, 127.

25
. Williams,
Life
, p. 25; Clark, ‘Migrant’, p. 118, quoting J. Cornwall, ‘Evidence of Population Mobility in the Seventeenth Century,’
Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research
, 40 (1967), pp. 143–52.

26
. Black,
Reign
, p. 246.

27
. David Armitage, ‘The Elizabethan Idea of Empire’,
Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
, sixth ser., vol. 14 (2004), pp. 269–77; Sian Flynn and David Spence, ‘Imperial Ambition and Elizabeth’s Adventurers’ in Doran,
Exhibition
, pp. 121–31.

28
. Yeames, ‘Grand Tour’, p. 107.

29
. Yeames, ‘Grand Tour’, at p. 93.

30
. Howard,
‘Women’, at p. 153.

31
. Magno, p. 146.

32
. Rye,
England
, p. 70.

33
. Platter,
Travels
, p. 183.

34
. Pollitt, ‘Refuge’.

35
. Lisa Ferraro Parmelee, ‘Printers, Patrons, Readers, and Spies: Importation of French Propaganda in Late Elizabethan England’,
Sixteenth Century Journal
, 25, 4 (1994), pp. 853–72.

36
. Paul J. Hauben, ‘A Spanish Calvinist Church in Elizabethan London 1559–65’,
Church History
, 34, 1 (1965), pp. 50–6.

37
. Pollitt, ‘Refuge’, D1018.

38
. Stow,
Survay
, pp. 209–10.

39
. Emmison,
HWL
, pp. 306–8.

40
. For prostitutes, see Howard, ‘Women’, pp. 150–67; for courtiers, see Platter,
Travels
, p. 193.

41
. In this and the next two paragraphs about English racism in literature I have drawn heavily on an article by Alden T. Vaughan and Virginia Mason Vaughan, ‘Before Othello: Elizabethan Representations of Sub-Saharan Africans’,
The William and Mary Quarterly
, third ser. 54 (1997), pp. 19–44.

42
. Doran,
Exhibition
, p. 150.

43
. Arnold,
Wardrobe
, p. 106; Picard,
London
, p. 110.

44
. Marika Sherwood, ‘Blacks in Tudor England’,
History Today
, 53, 10 (October 2003). The Devon references come from the Friends of Devon’s Archives website giving details of its project on black communities in Devon (
http://www.foda.org.uk
).

45
. Kocher, ‘Cosmos’, p. 104.

46
. Leonard and Thomas Digges,
A prognostication everlasting of right good effect
(1583).

47
. Thomas Blundeville,
M. Blundeville, his exercises
(1594), f. 181, cited in Nicoll,
Elizabethans
, p. 14.

48
.
ODNB
, under ‘Gilbert, William’

49
. Gerard,
Herbal
, p. 1338.

50
. Madeleine Doran, ‘On Elizabethan “Credulity”: with some questions concerning the use of the marvellous in literature’,
Journal of the History of Ideas
, 1, 2 (1940), pp. 151–76 at p. 156.

51
. Rowse,
Structure
, p. 28.

52
. Iona Opie and Moira Tatem,
A Dictionary of Superstitions
(Oxford, 1989), pp. 142, 165, 173.

53
. As argued in the last chapter of Thomas,
RDM
.

54
. Ecclesiasticus, ch. 38, v. 4, quoted on the title page of Simon Kellwaye,
A Defensative against the Plague
(1593).

55
. Ralph Houlbrooke,
Death, Religion and the Family in England 1480–1750
(Oxford, 1998), pp. 18–19.

56
. Kocher, ‘Cosmos’, p. 105.

57
. Black,
Reign
, p. 310.

58
. Traister,
Notorious
, pp. 59–62.

59
. Sharpe,
Instruments
, p. 39.

60
. Thomas Hill,
The Most Pleasaunte Arte of the Interpretation of Dreames
(1576), from the section on ‘the Distinction of Dreams’.

61
. Thomas,
RDM
, p. 590; Platter,
Travels
, p. 174.

62
. Both quotations come from Thomas,
RDM
, p. 177.

63
. Alan Macfarlane,
Witchcraft in Tudor and Stuart England: A regional and comparative study
(1970), p. 98.

64
. Sharpe,
Instruments
, pp. 75–8.

65
. Thomas,
RDM
, pp. 442–3.

66
. Stoyle, ‘Witch’.

67
. Black,
Reign
, p. 331.

68
. Sharpe,
Instruments
, p. 169.

69
. Sir Henry Ellis,
Original Letters of Eminent Literary Men of the Sixteenth, Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries
, Camden Society, vol. 23 (1843), pp. 39–40.