The War That Ended Peace: The Road to 1914 (112 page)

12 Making the Plans

1
. Steinberg,
Bismarck
, 57–60; Bucholz,
Moltke, Schlieffen
, 110–13.
2
. Bucholz,
Moltke, Schlieffen
, 120–21.
3
. Ibid., 127.
4
. Snyder,
The Ideology of the Offensive
, 134.
5
. Bucholz,
Moltke, Schlieffen
, 130–31.
6
. Ibid., 124, 129–31.
7
. Craig,
The Politics of the Prussian Army
, 277.
8
. Echevarria, ‘Heroic History’, 585; Mombauer, ‘German War Plans’, 52n10.
9
. Snyder, ‘Civil–Military Relations’, 35.
10
. Förster, ‘Dreams and Nightmares’, 359–60.
11
. Craig,
The Politics of the Prussian Army
, 277.
12
. Herwig,
The Marne
, 33.
13
. Mombauer,
Helmuth von Moltke
, 100–105; Snyder,
The Ideology of the Offensive
, 117.
14
. Bucholz,
Moltke, Schlieffen
, 301–2.
15
. Foley,
German Strategy
, 6–7.
16
. Herwig, ‘From Tirpitz Plan to Schlieffen Plan’, 55.
17
. Craig,
Germany, 1866–1945
, 317.
18
. Ritter,
The Sword and the Sceptre
, 206.
19
. Ibid.
20
. Mombauer,
Helmuth von Moltke
, 46.
21
. Ibid., 42–6.
22
. Craig,
The Politics of the Prussian Army
, 300.
23
. Bülow,
Memoirs of Prince von Bulow
, vol. II, 201–2.
24
. Maurer,
The Outbreak of the First World War
, 37.
25
. Herwig, ‘From Tirpitz Plan to Schlieffen Plan’, 59.
26
. Mombauer,
Helmuth von Moltke
, 59.
27
. Bucholz,
Moltke, Schlieffen
, 223–5.
28
. Kronenbitter,
Krieg im Frieden
, 311.
29
. Hull,
The Entourage of Kaiser Wilhelm II
, 240.
30
. Kessler,
Journey to the Abyss
, 658; Foley, ‘Debate – the Real Schlieffen Plan’, 222.
31
. Snyder,
The Ideology of the Offensive
, 203.
32
. Groener,
Lebenserinnerungen
, 84.
33
. Fischer,
War of Illusions
, 55.
34
. Hull,
The Entourage of Kaiser Wilhelm II
, 258–9; Afflerbach,
Falkenhayn. Politisches
, 79.
35
. Mombauer,
Helmuth von Moltke
, 165.
36
. Bucholz,
Moltke, Schlieffen
, 263–4.
37
. Mombauer, ‘German War Plans’, 57.
38
. Craig,
The Politics of the Prussian Army
, 280.
39
. Showalter, ‘From Deterrence to Doomsday Machine’, 696.
40
. Snyder,
The Ideology of the Offensive
, 152.
41
. Bülow,
Memoirs of Prince von Bulow
, vol. II, 88–9.
42
. Fischer,
War of Illusions
, 390.
43
. Bülow,
Memoirs of Prince von Bulow
, vol. II, 84–5.
44
. Fischer,
War of Illusions
, 225–9; Beyens,
Germany before the War
, 36–8.
45
. Mombauer, ‘German War Plans’, 48–79.
46
. Fischer,
War of Illusions
, 390.
47
. Hewitson,
Germany and the Causes
, 118.
48
. Herrmann,
The Arming of Europe
, 96–7.
49
. Mombauer,
Helmuth von Moltke
, 210.
50
. Hewitson,
Germany and the Causes
, 131–3; Hewitson, ‘Images of the Enemy’, passim.
51
. Herrmann,
The Arming of Europe
, 132–3.
52
. Ibid., 84.
53
. Ibid., 91–5.
54
. Mombauer, ‘German War Plans’, 57.
55
. Herwig, ‘Imperial Germany’, 71.
56
. Herwig, ‘Disjointed Allies’, 273.
57
. Herrmann,
The Arming of Europe
, 101.
58
. Gooch, ‘Italy before 1915’, 211–22; Mombauer,
Helmuth von Moltke
, 167–9.
59
. Maurer,
The Outbreak of the First World War
, 33; Herwig, ‘Disjointed Allies’, 271–2; Ritter, ‘Zusammenarbeit’, 535.
60
. Herwig, ‘Disjointed Allies’, 271n9.
61
. Williamson,
Austria-Hungary
, 87–8.
62
. Kronenbitter,
Krieg im Frieden
, 282.
63
. Stone, ‘V. Moltke–Conrad’, 201–2 and passim.
64
. Sondhaus,
Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf
, 85.
65
. Stevenson, ‘War by Timetable?’, 181–2.
66
. Stone, ‘V. Moltke–Conrad’, 204n7.
67
. Kronenbitter, ‘“Nur los lassen”’, 39.
68
. Herrmann,
The Arming of Europe
, 234, 237.
69
. Stone, ‘V. Moltke–Conrad’, 213–14.
70
. Herwig, ‘Disjointed Allies’, 278.
71
. Menning, ‘The Offensive Revisited’, 226.
72
. Armour, ‘Colonel Redl: Fact and Fantasy’, 175–6.
73
. Ibid., 179–80; Sondhaus,
Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf
, 124–7.
74
. Stevenson, ‘War by Timetable?’, 177–8; Heywood, ‘The Most Catastrophic Question’, 46, 54.
75
. Menning, ‘The Offensive Revisited’, 224.
76
. Menning, ‘Pieces of the Puzzle’, 782.
77
. Fuller, ‘The Russian Empire’, 109, 122–4.
78
. Shatsillo,
Ot Portsmutskogo
, 199.
79
. Fuller, ‘The Russian Empire’, 110.
80
. Stevenson,
Armaments
, 151–6.
81
. Fuller,
Strategy and Power in Russia
, 427–33.
82
. Brusilov,
A Soldier’s Notebook
, 11.
83
. Fuller,
The Foe Within
, 46–8.
84
. Turner, ‘Role of the General Staffs’, 317; Paléologue,
Ambassador’s Memoirs
, vol. I, 83.
85
. Rich,
The Tsar’s Colonels
, 221.
86
. Fuller, ‘The Russian Empire’, 100–101.
87
. Spring, ‘Russia and the Franco-Russian Alliance’, 568–9, 578–9 and passim.
88
. Menning, ‘The Offensive Revisited’, 219.
89
. Airapetov,
Poslednyaya Voina Imperatorskoi Rossii
, 174–5; Shatsillo,
Ot Portsmutskogo
, 65–7.
90
. Menning, ‘Pieces of the Puzzle’, 788.
91
. Fuller, ‘The Russian Empire’, 111–12, 118–21.
92
. Snyder,
The Ideology of the Offensive
, 178.
93
. Fuller, ‘The Russian Empire’, 111–13; Menning, ‘The Offensive Revisited’, 225.
94
. Fuller,
Strategy and Power in Russia
, 440–41.
95
. Menning, ‘Pieces of the Puzzle’, 796.
96
. Menning, ‘War Planning’, 121.
97
. Airapetov, ‘K voprosu o prichinah porazheniya russkoi armii’; Snyder,
The Ideology of the Offensive
, 189–94.
98
. Fuller, ‘The Russian Empire’, 110–11.
99
. Airapetov, ‘K voprosu o prichinah porazheniya russkoi armii’; Menning, ‘War Planning’, 122–5.
100
. Andrew, ‘France and the German Menace’, 147.
101
. Ignat’ev,
50 Let v Stroyu
, 390–91.
102
. Schmidt,
Frankreichs Aussenpolitik
, 182–3.
103
. Ignat’ev,
50 Let v Stroyu
, 392.
104
. Messimy,
Mes Souvenirs
, 118n1; Porch,
The March to the Marne
, 184–5.
105
. Porch,
The March to the Marne
, 216–23.
106
. Tanenbaum, ‘French Estimates’, 163.
107
. Doughty, ‘France’, 160.
108
. Doughty,
Pyrrhic Victory
, 26.
109
. Doughty, ‘France’, 159.
110
. Becker,
1914, Comment les Français
, 43n174.
111
. Tanenbaum, ‘French Estimates’, 164.
112
. Porch,
The March to the Marne