Tidal Wave: How Women Changed America at Century's End (48 page)

¹⁴
Interview with Wolfe.

¹⁵
Interview with Wolfe.

¹⁶
Leslie R. Wolfe to WEEA Project Directors, Washington, D.C., September 16, 1983. The letter begins, “I am writing to you for the last time as Director of the Women’s Educational Equity Act (WEEA) Program.”

¹⁷
See Faludi,
Backlash,
pp. 259-263.

¹⁸
New York Times
(January 22, 1984): Section I, 1. For a detailed discussion of the arguments for and against comparable worth, see Sara M. Evans and Barbara J. Nelson,
Wage Justice: Comparable Worth and the Paradox of Technocratic Reform
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press: 1989), especially chapter 3, “What Is At Stake?”

¹⁹
“Concept of Pay Based on Worth Is the ‘Looniest’, Rights Chief Says,”
New York Times
, (November 17, 1984): 15.

²⁰
Julie Hairston, “Killing Kittens, Bombing Clinics,”
Southern Exposure,
vol. 18, no. 2 (1990): 14-18.

²¹
“Facts on Reproductive Rights: A Resource Manual,” NOW Legal Defense and Education Fund, Fact Sheet no. 11, 1989.

²²
Sandra Morgen, “‘It was the Best of Times, It Was the Worst of Times’: Emotional Discourse in the Work Cultures of Feminist Health Clinics,” in Myra Marx Ferree and Patricia Yancey Martin, eds.,
Feminist Organizations: Harvest of the New Women’s Movement
(Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1995), pp. 234-247.

²³
Between 1980 and 1989, total funding for higher education fell 24.3 percent (measured in constant dollars) while costs rose 33.6 percent for public colleges and 44.7 percent for 4 year private colleges. National Education Association,
The 1992 Almanac of Higher Education
(Washington, D.C: National Education Association, 1992), p. 161.

²⁴
Howard J. Erlich,
Campus Ethnoviolence and the Policy Options
(Baltimore: National Institute Against Prejudice and Violence, 1990), pp. 41-72.

²⁵
Stimpson and Cobb,
Women’s Studies in the United States,
p. 50. See also Chronicle of Higher Education (May 19, 1982): 8;
Feminist Studies,
vol. 9, no. 1 (Spring 1983): 603.

²⁶
See Susan Faludi,
Backlash: The Undeclared War Against American Women
(New York: Crown Publishers, 1991).

²⁷
Alex Taylor III, “Why Women Managers Are Bailing out,”
Fortune
(August 18, 1986): 16-23.

²⁸
Felice N. Schwartz, “Management Women and the New Facts of Life,”
Harvard Business Review
67(January/February 1989): 65-76; Barbara Kantrowitz, “Advocating a ‘Mommy Track’: An Expert on Career Woman Stirs up a Controversy,”
Newsweek,
vol. 113, no. 11 (March 13, 1989): 45(1).

²⁹
Jolie Solomon, “The Invisible Barrier Is Crystal Clear to Many,”
Wall Street Journal
(April 20, 1990): B1.

³⁰
Harry Waters, “Games Singles Play,”
Newsweek
82 (July 16, 1973): 52-58.

³¹
Quoted in Faludi,
Backlash,
p.99.

³²
Nancy Rubin, “Women vs. Women,”
Ladies Home Journal,
vol. XCIX, no. 4 (August 1982): 94-96, 100-103.

³³
Carrie Rickey, “Twilight of the Reaganauts,”
Tikkun,
vol. 4, no. 6 (November/December 1989): 49-52.

³⁴
Susan Brownmiller,
Femininity
(New York: Fawcett Columbine, 1985), p. 17.

³⁵
Nancy Whittier,
Feminist Generations: The Persistence of the Radical Women’s Movement
(Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1995), p. 198; Ryan,
Feminism and the Women’s Movement,
pp. 140-144.

³⁶
See Susan Bolotin, “Voices from the Post-Feminist Generation.”
New York Times Magazine,
(October 17, 1982); Eloise Salholz, “Feminism’s Identity Crisis,”
Newsweek,
107 (March 31, 1986): 58-59.

³⁷
Faludi,
Backlash,
p. 111.

³⁸
For analyses of the history of
Ms.,
see Amy Erdman Farrell,
Yours in Sisterhood: Ms. Magazine and the Promise of Popular Feminism
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998); and Mary Thom,
Inside Ms: 25 Years of the Magazine and the Women’s Movement
(New York: Henry Holt, 1997).

³⁹
George Gilder, “An Open Letter to Orrin Hatch,”
National Review,
vol. 40, no. 9 (May 13, 1988): 33-34.

⁴⁰
E. J. Dionne, Jr.,
Why Americans Hate Politics
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1991), pp. 105-106.

⁴¹
Paula Kamen,
Feminist Fatale: Voices from the “Twentysomething” Generation Explore the Future of the Women’s Movement
(New York: Donald I. Fine, 1991), quotes on pp. 1, 6, 2.

⁴²
Amy E. Schwartz, “A Decade of Unlearning,”
Tikkun,
vol. 4, no. 6 (November/December 1989): 56.

⁴³
Author’s interview with Arrington Chambliss, Minneapolis, Minnesota, September 6, 1993.

⁴⁴
Jesse Donahue, “Movement Scholarship and Feminism in the 1980s,”
Women & Politics,
vol. 61, no. 2 (1996): 61-80; on NOW see also Paula Kamen,
Feminist Fatale,
pp. 99-100.

⁴⁵
Jeannine Delombard, “Femmenism,” in Rebecca Walker, ed.,
To Be Real: Telling the Truth and Changing the Face of Feminism
(New York: Anchor Books, 1995), pp. 24-25.

⁴⁶
Ethel Klein,
Gender Politics: From Consciousness to Mass Politics
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1984), p. 30; R. Darcy, Susan Welch, and Janet Clark,
Women, Elections, & Representation
(Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1994).

⁴⁷
Byllye Y. Avery, “Breathing Life into Ourselves: The Evolution of the National Black Women’s Health Project,” in Evelyn C. White, ed.,
The Black Women’s Health Book: Speaking for Ourselves
(Seattle, WA: Seal Press, 1990), pp. 4-11, quotes on pp. 7, 8.

⁴⁸
Susan Cahn,
Coming on Strong: Gender and Sexuality in Twentieth Century Women’s Sport
(New York: Free Press, 1994), pp. 258-260.

⁴⁹
William P. Lawrence, “Clearing the Legal Way for Women in Combat,”
Washington Post,
duly 28, 1991, C): 7; Eric Schmitt, “War Puts U.S. Service Women Closer than Ever to Combat,”
New York Times
(January 22, 1991, A): 1, 12, table 6-15; Paula Ries and Anne T. Stone, eds.,
The American Woman, 1992-93: A Status Report
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1992), pp. 344-345.

⁵⁰
578 F supp. 846 (W.D. Wash, 1983).

⁵¹
Evans and Nelson,
Wage Justice
, Chapter 4, Quote on p. 81.

⁵²
Evans and Nelson,
Wage Justice
, pp. 40-41.

⁵³
Patricia Aburdene and John Naisbitt,
Megatrends for Women
(New York: Villard Books, 1992).

⁵⁴
Aburdene and Naisbitt,
Megatrends for Women
; Judy B. Rosener, “Ways Women Lead,”
Harvard Business Review
, 68(November/December 1990): 119-125; Sally Helgeson, “The Pyramid and the Web,”
New York Times
(May 27, 1990): III:13.

⁵⁵
“More Hymn Changes,”
Christian Century
, 104(April 15, 1987): 352; “Avoiding Sexism,”
Christian Century
, 104(April 22, 1987): 376.

⁵⁶
Mary Fainsod Katzenstein, “Feminism Within American Institutions: Unobtrusive Mobilization in the 1980s,”
Signs: Journals of Women in Culture and Society
, vol. 16 no. 11 (Autumn 1990): 40.

⁵⁷
Mary Fainsod Katzenstein, “Discursive Politics and Feminist Activism in the Catholic Church.” In Ferree, Myra Marx, and Patricia Yancey Martin, eds.,
Feminist Organizations: Harvest of the New Women’s Movement
(Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1995), pp. 39-40. See also Rosemary Radford Ruether,
Womanguides: Readings Toward a Feminist Theology
(Boston: Beacon Press, 1985); Mary Fainsod Katzenstein,
Faithful and Fearless: Moving Feminist Protest Inside the Church and Military
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998); Gretchen E. Zeigenhals, “Meeting the Women of Women-Church.”
Christian Century
(May 10, 1989): 492-94.

⁵⁸
Barbara Moral and Karen Schwarz, “Living on the Edge: Women and Catholic,”
Probe
, vol. 15, no. 4 (September/October 1987): 3.

⁵⁹
Katzenstein,
Feminism Within American Institutions
, pp. 42-43.

⁶⁰
See
Daughters of Sarah
, volumes 6-16, 1980-1990, Social Welfare History Archives, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.

⁶¹
Author’s interview with Lael Stegall. Washington, D.C., February 19, 1998.

⁶²
We should note that this “loophole” has been a target of campaign finance reformers who point out that until the advent of Emily’s List it was primarily used by corporate executives who would “expect” hefty checks from their administrative staff and then send them, bundled, to the party or candidate they wished to influence.

⁶³
Author’s telephone interview with Ellen Malcolm, August 31, 2000.

⁶⁴
Joan E. McLean, “Emily’s List,” in Sarah Slavin, ed.,
U.S. Women’s Interest Groups
(Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1995), pp. 175-176.

⁶⁵
Margaret M. Keenan, “The Controversy over Women’s Studies,”
Princeton Alumni Weekly
, vol. 80, no. 16 (April 21, 1980): 12-18, quote on 15.

⁶⁶
Mariam K. Chamberlain,
Women in Academe: Progress and Prospects
(New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1988).

⁶⁷
Academic feminist journals began in the 1970s with
Signs
and
Feminist Studies
, both of which were interdisciplinary. By the late 1980s there were journals of feminist sociology, literary criticism, history, political science, philosophy, and numerous other specialties.

⁶⁸
Barbara Findlen,
Listen up: Voices from the Next Feminist Generation
(Seattle, WA: Seal Press, 1995); and Rebecca Walker, ed.,
To Be Real: Telling the Truth and Changing the Face of Feminism
(New York: Anchor Books, 1995).

⁶⁹
See Virginia Cyrus, “Report from the Chair of the Steering Committee,”
National Women’s Studies Association Newsletter I
(Spring 1983). The coordinating council accepted the resignation of the last in a series of national coordinators and dissolved a costly relationship with the Feminist Press to attain some control of its budget. Each such decision was, of course, a subject of debate and conflict.

⁷⁰
Interview with Musil; Catharine R. Stimpson, with Nina Kressner Cobb,
Women’s Studies in the United States
(New York: Ford Foundation, 1986); and Robin Leidner, “Stretching the Boundaries of Liberalism: Democratic Innovation in a Feminist Organization,”
Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society
, vol. 16, no. 2: 263-289.

⁷¹
Sara M. Evans and Barbara J. Nelson,
Wage Justice: Comparable Worth and the Paradox of Technocratic Reform
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989).

⁷²
See Adele M. Stan,
Debating Sexual Correctness
; Mary Kay Blakely, “Is One Woman’s Sexuality Another Woman’s Pornography?”
Ms.
, vol. 13, no. 10 (April 1985);
Feminist Studies
, vol. 9, no. 1 (Spring 1983): 177-182 and vol. 9, no. 3 (Fall 1983): 589-602.

⁷³
Mary Kay Blakely, “Is One Woman’s Sexuality Another Woman’s Pornography?”
Ms.
, vol. 13, no. 10 (April 1985): 37-47, 120-123; and Barbara Ehrenreich, Elizabeth Hess, and Gloria Jacobs, “A Report on the Sex Crisis,”
Ms.
, vol. 10, no. 9 (March 1982): 61-64, 87-88. See Carole S. Vance,
Pleasure and Danger: Exploring Female Sexuality
(Boston: Routledge & K. Paul, 1984); Ann Snitow, Christine Stansell, and Sharon Thompson,
Powers of Desire: The Politics of Sexuality
(New York: Monthly Review Press, 1983); and Estelle B. Freedman and Barrie Thorne, “Introduction to ‘The Feminist Sexuality Debates,’”
Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society
, vol. 10, no. 1 (Autumn 1984): 102-105. The latter argue that hostility around this issue is “more charged than that of the gay-straight split of the early 1970s.”