Tidal Wave: How Women Changed America at Century's End (47 page)

⁹⁸
Barbara Dudley, “Report on the Conference,”
Socialist Revolution
, no. 26 (October-December 1975): 90.

⁹⁹
Quoted in Hansen, 90. According to Barbara Dudley, one of the keynote speakers, “The anti-imperialist caucus, the Marxist-Leninist caucus, the third-world women’s caucus, the lesbian caucus, the older women’s caucus, etc. presented statements that were not always consistent with socialist-feminism and
were sometimes openly contradictory even to the basic principles of unity of the conference, and yet neither the planning committee nor any other groups systematically responded to these statements. The result was a growing confusion … about what socialist-feminism is.” Barbara Dudley, “Report on the Conference,”
Socialist Revolution
, no. 26 (October-December 1975): 109.

¹⁰⁰
Author’s interview with Linda Gordon.

¹⁰¹
Author’s interview with Alice Kessler-Harris, December 13, 1997.

¹⁰²
Author’s interview with Deborah Rosenfeldt, December 15, 1997, College Park, Maryland.

¹⁰³
Author’s Interview with Alice Kessler-Harris.

¹⁰⁴
Rosalyn Baxandall points out that MF1, at least, was so heavily academic that those who were not felt isolated.

¹⁰⁵
See, for example, Joan Kelly-Gadlol, “The Social Relation of the Sexes: Methodological Implications of Women’s History,”
Signs
, vol. 1, no. 4 (1976): 809-823. Renate Bridenthal, “The Dialectics of Production and Reproduction in History,”
Radical America
, vol. 10, no. 2 (1976): 3-11; Renate Bridenthal and Claudia Koonz, eds.,
Becoming Visible: Women in European History
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1977); Linda Gordon,
Woman’s Body, Woman’s Right: A Social History of Birth Control in America
(New York: Grossman, 1976); “What Should Women’s Historians Do?: Politics, Social Theory, and Women’s History,”
Marxist Perspectives
, vol. 1, no. 3 (1978): 128-137;
The New Feminist Scholarship on the Welfare State
(Madison: University of Wisconsin—Madison, Institute for Research on Poverty, 1989); Alice Kessler-Harris,
Out to Work: A History of Wage-Earning Women in the United States
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1982).

¹⁰⁶
See Blanche Weisen Cook,
Dwight David Eisenhower: Antimilitarist in the White House
(St. Charles, MO: Forum Press, 1974);
Eleanor Roosevelt
(New York: Viking, 1992/1999); Donna Haraway,
Primate Visions: Gender, Race, and Nature in the World of Modern Science
(New York: Roudedge, 1989);
Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: The Reinvention of Nature
(New York: Roudedge, 1991).

¹⁰⁷
See Heidi I. Hartmann, ed.,
Comparable Worth: New Directions for Research
(Washington, D.C: National Academy Press, 1985); Robert T. Michael, Heidi I. Hartmann, and Brigid O’Farrell, eds.,
Pay Equity: Empirical Enquiries
(Washington, D.C: National Academy Press, 1989); Barbara F. Reskin and Heidi I. Hartmann, eds.,
Women’s Work, Men’s Work: Sex Segregation on the Job
(Washington, D.C: National Academy Press, 1986); and Donald J. Treiman and Heidi I. Hartmann, eds.,
Women, Work, and Wages: Equal Pay for Jobs of Equal Value
(Washington, D.C: National Academy Press, 1981).

¹⁰⁸
Miriam Lynnell Harris, “From Kennedy to Combahee: Black Feminist Activism from 1960 to 1980,” unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, American Studies, University of Minnesota, 1997), pp. 113-118.

¹⁰⁹
Barbara Smith, “Dear Sisters,”
off our backs
, vol. 9, no. 10 (November 1979): 13.

¹¹⁰
See Claudia Dreifus, “Sterilizing the Poor,” in Claudia Dreifus, ed.,
Seizing Our Bodies: The Politics of Women’s Health
(New York: Vintage, 1977), pp. 105-120.

¹¹¹
See Rosalind P. Petchesky,
Abortion and Woman’s Choice: The State, Sexuality, and Reproductive Freedom
(New York: Longman, 1984). On the origins of CARASA, see Meredith Tax, “‘Bread and Roses! Bread and Roses!” in Rachel Blau DuPlessis and Ann Snitow, eds.,
The Feminist Memoir Project: Voices from Women’s Liberation
(New York: Three Rivers Press, 1998), pp. 312-324, and Davis,
Moving the Mountain
, pp. 249-2 51.

¹¹²
Hope Landrine, “Culture, Feminist Racism and Feminist Classism: Blaming the Victim: commentary,”
off our backs
, vol. 9, no. 10 (November 1979): 2-3.

¹¹³
See Harry C. Boyte, Heather Booth, and Steve Max,
Citizen Action and the New American Populism
(Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1986).

¹¹⁴
See the IWPR website for a list of their publications: www.iwpr.org.

¹¹⁵
Interview with Deborah Rosenfeldt, College Park, Maryland, December 15, 1997.

¹¹⁶
Deborah Rosenfeldt, “The Founding Convention,” typed manuscript in author’s possession, June 23, 1977, p. 1.

¹¹⁷
Rosenfeldt, “The Founding Convention,” p. 5. See also Robin Leidner, “Stretching the Boundaries of Liberalism: Democratic Innovation in a Feminist Organization,”
Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society
, vol. 16, no. 2 (Winter 1991): 263-289.

¹¹⁸
Quoted in Catharine R. Stimpson with Nina Kressner Cobb,
Women’s Studies in the United States: A Report to the Ford Foundation
(New York: Ford Foundation, 1986), p. 27.

¹¹⁹
P.M., “First National Women’s Studies Conference: A Lesbian Perspective,”
off our backs
(August-September 1979): 33.

¹²⁰
Toni White, “Lesbian Studies Flourish at National Women’s Studies Conference,”
off our backs
, vol. 10, no. 7 (July 1980): 16.

¹²¹
White, “Lesbian Studies Flourish at National Women’s Studies Conference,” 18; and Nancy Polikoff, “Addressing Racism,”
off our backs
, vol. 10, no. 7 (July 1980): 18.

¹²²
Author’s interview with Caryn McTighe Musil, Washington, D.C., November 11, 1997.

¹²³
Donald Mathews and Jane Sherron De Hart,
Sex, Gender, and the Politics of ERA
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), quote on p. 173.

¹²⁴
See Faye Ginzburg,
Contested Lives: The Abortion Debate in an American Community
. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989).

¹²⁵
Quoted in Melich, p. 87.

¹²⁶
Davis,
Moving the Mountain
, pp. 149-151.

¹²⁷
Interview with Millie Jeffry by Ruth Pollak, June 24, 1997.

¹²⁸
Sonia Johnson,
From Housewife to Heretic: One Woman’s Spiritual Awakening and Her Excommunication from the Mormon Church
(Garden City, NY: Double-day Books, 1981), p. 105.

¹²⁹
See August 5, 1978, editions of
Los Angeles Times,
I:18;
Washington Post,
A5;
San Francisco Chronicle,
5;
St. Paul Pioneer Press/Dispatch,
10.

¹³⁰
Johnson, From Housewife to Heretic, p. 165.

¹³¹
Johnson,
From Housewife to Heretic,
pp. 157-158.

¹³²
Gloria Steinem, 1978 article (July
Ms.
) quoted in Thom, p. 147.

¹³³
Ann Kolker, “Women Lobbyists,” in Irene Tinker, ed., Women in Washington, p. 217.

¹³⁴
See, for example, Diane K. Lewis, “A Response to Inequality: Black Women, Racism, and Sexism,”
Signs,
vol. 3, no. 2 (Winter 1977): 339-361; Margaret A. Simons, “Racism and Feminism: A Schism in the Sisterhood,” Feminist Studies, vol. 5, no. 2 (Summer 1979): 389-410. On the more visible emergence of black feminist groups, see Barbara Smith, “Dear Sisters,”
off our backs,
vol. 9, no. 10 (November 1979): 13; MANA, which had been an active lobbying group in the early and middle 1970s, decided around 1977 to encourage local chapters around the country. Interview with Eliza Sanchez, Washington, D.C., February 19, 1998.

¹³⁵
Rusty Cramer, “Bunch on Feminism: Another Closet,”
Plexus,
vol. 6, no. 1 (March 1979): 1. For another thoughtful reassessment see Nancy C. M. Hartsock, “Feminism, Power, and Change: A Theoretical Analysis,” in Bernice Cummings and Victoria Schuck, eds.,
Women Organizing: An Anthology
(Methuen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, 1979), pp. 2-24.

Chapter 6

¹
Interview with Leslie Wolfe, Washington, D.C., December 12, 1997.

²
These themes became political issues subject to policy-oriented debate as a result of feminist activism, but it is worth noting that in the early Cold War years following the Second World War, American propaganda had frequently linked family life and domesticity to the superiority of the United States. See Elaine Tyler May,
Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War Era
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980). On the so-called “epidemic” of teen pregnancy, see Maris Vinovskis,
An Epidemic of Adolescent Pregnancy? Some Historical and Policy Considerations
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1988). Vinovskis shows that there were far more teen pregnancies in the 1950s than in the 1970s. The difference was that in the 1950s, pregnant teens got married.

³
See John L. Palmer and Isabel V. Sawhill, eds.,
The Reagan Record: An Assessment of America’s Changing Domestic Priorities
(Cambridge, MA.: Ballinger Publishing Company, 1984); Michael Schaller,
Reckoning with Reagan: America and Its President in the 1980s
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1992).

⁴
See Barbara Ryan,
Feminism and the Women’s Movement: Dynamics of Change in Social Movement, Ideology and Activism
(New York: Roudedge, 1992), pp. 76-77; Davis,
Moving the Mountain,
p. 384; Jane J. Mansbridge,
Why We Lost the ERA
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986), pp. 153-154, 166. For an example of media coverage, see “As Time Runs Out for the E.R.A., Eight Women Stage an Ordeal by Hunger in the Illinois Capitol,”
People,
vol. 17 (June 28, 1982): 93-94.

⁵
Mansbridge,
Why We Lost the ERA;
Mary Berry,
Why ERA Failed: Politics, Women’s Rights, and the Amending Process of the Constitution
(Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986); Donald Mathews and Jane De Hart,
Sex, Gender and the Politics of ERA: A State and the Nation
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1990).

⁶
For example, Sonia Johnson, the Mormon housewife who suffered excommunication for challenging her church’s opposition to the ERA, by 1988 had renounced the use of “the tolls of patriarchy to free ourselves from it…. Now instead of patching up and reforming the system men have made, now instead of trying to persuade the men—either by kindness or threats—to give me what I desire, I want to be among the women who independently create the world that women want and need. Such a world would benefit every living thing.” Sonia Johnson, “Preface to the Fourth Edition,”
From Housewife to Heretic: One Woman’s Spiritual Awakening and Her Excommunication from the Mormon Church,
4th ed. (Albuquerque, NM: Wildfire Books, 1989).

⁷
Charles L. Heatherly, ed.,
Mandate for Leadership: Policy Management in a Conservative Administration
(Washington, D.C: Heritage Foundation, 1981).

⁸
Ronald F. Docksai, “The Department of Education,” in Heatherly, ed.,
Mandate for Leadership,
pp. 179-180.

⁹
Heritage Foundation, “A Brief Look at the Women’s Educational Equity Act (WEEA),” Washington D.C. (1984), copy in the files of Leslie Wolfe.

¹⁰
Interview with Leslie Wolfe, Washington, D.C., December 12, 1997.

¹¹
Heritage Foundation, “A Brief Look,” p. 14.

¹²
Interview with Leslie Wolfe.

¹³
Wolfe interview. Article in
Tulsa World
(May 20, 1982), quoted in Theresa Cusic, “A Clash of Ideologies: The Reagan Administration Versus the Women’s Educational Equity Act,” Washington D.C: Project on Equal Education Rights, Summer 1983. Additional accounts of these events include Susan Faludi,
Backlash,
pp. 259-263; Judith Paterson, “Equity in Exile: The Reagan War on Equality,”
Ms.
(November 1984): 18-20; Joy R. Dimonson and Jeffrey A. Menzer, “Catching up: A Review of the Women’s Educational Equity Act Program,” Washington, D.C: Citizens Council on Women’s Education, A Project of the National Coalition for Women and Girls in Education, February 1984.